1 00:00:11,828 --> 00:00:19,335 ♪ 2 00:00:19,335 --> 00:00:22,605 >> Hello and welcome to NASA 3 00:00:22,605 --> 00:00:24,040 science live. 4 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:24,908 An opportunity to come behind 5 00:00:24,908 --> 00:00:27,444 the scenes and get to know your 6 00:00:27,444 --> 00:00:28,511 space agency. 7 00:00:28,511 --> 00:00:31,181 I'm your host, Sophia Roberts. 8 00:00:31,181 --> 00:00:32,115 This show gives you an 9 00:00:32,115 --> 00:00:33,450 opportunity to ask NASA 10 00:00:33,450 --> 00:00:39,089 scientists questions and get 11 00:00:39,089 --> 00:00:39,322 answers. 12 00:00:39,322 --> 00:00:45,361 First, here is the hottest news 13 00:00:45,361 --> 00:00:47,363 from around the galaxy brought 14 00:00:47,363 --> 00:00:50,934 to you by our cosmic news anchor 15 00:00:50,934 --> 00:00:51,935 Scot Bednar. 16 00:00:51,935 --> 00:00:53,636 Scott, what have you got for us? 17 00:00:53,636 --> 00:00:55,772 >> Thank you, Sophia. 18 00:00:55,772 --> 00:00:57,640 I'm Scot Bednar reporting live 19 00:00:57,640 --> 00:00:59,743 from the cosmic news corner, and 20 00:00:59,743 --> 00:01:01,878 have I got news for you. 21 00:01:01,878 --> 00:01:02,912 History was made when the first 22 00:01:02,912 --> 00:01:04,681 ever image of a black hole and 23 00:01:04,681 --> 00:01:06,716 it's shadow was unveiled to the 24 00:01:06,716 --> 00:01:07,751 world. 25 00:01:07,751 --> 00:01:13,156 The photo may be blurry, and you 26 00:01:13,156 --> 00:01:16,993 may say to yourself, did I just 27 00:01:16,993 --> 00:01:18,962 catch the black hole? 28 00:01:18,962 --> 00:01:20,864 No, we've never been able to 29 00:01:20,864 --> 00:01:21,965 image one. 30 00:01:21,965 --> 00:01:24,100 It took eight radio telescopes 31 00:01:24,100 --> 00:01:25,935 around the world working 32 00:01:25,935 --> 00:01:28,938 together as one earth-sized 33 00:01:28,938 --> 00:01:31,641 telescope to capture this image. 34 00:01:31,641 --> 00:01:36,513 The non-scientific term 35 00:01:36,513 --> 00:01:38,181 describes a black hole is what 36 00:01:38,181 --> 00:01:44,754 you get with holes in socks. 37 00:01:44,754 --> 00:01:46,756 NASA's mission has discovered 38 00:01:46,756 --> 00:01:50,160 that water is being released 39 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:52,162 from the moon during meter 40 00:01:52,162 --> 00:01:52,562 showers. 41 00:01:52,562 --> 00:01:56,132 It strikes the move and vapizes 42 00:01:56,132 --> 00:01:58,668 and creates a shockwave in the 43 00:01:58,668 --> 00:02:00,103 Lunar soil. 44 00:02:00,103 --> 00:02:02,105 This shockwave can release the 45 00:02:02,105 --> 00:02:04,808 upper level and release water 46 00:02:04,808 --> 00:02:07,243 molecules from the layer below 47 00:02:07,243 --> 00:02:08,945 it. 48 00:02:08,945 --> 00:02:11,147 It there is water on the moon. 49 00:02:11,147 --> 00:02:12,649 Have you heard? 50 00:02:12,649 --> 00:02:14,651 NASA is sending a helicopter to 51 00:02:14,651 --> 00:02:16,786 the red planet. 52 00:02:16,786 --> 00:02:18,454 A helicopter to mars. 53 00:02:18,454 --> 00:02:20,356 Now, this isn't your every day, 54 00:02:20,356 --> 00:02:22,025 run of the mill helicopter. 55 00:02:22,025 --> 00:02:23,760 With the body of size of a 56 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:33,536 rolled up ginny pig this will be 57 00:02:33,536 --> 00:02:36,539 in the thin atmosphere of mars. 58 00:02:36,539 --> 00:02:39,976 We've sent orbiters, landers and 59 00:02:39,976 --> 00:02:40,977 rovers. 60 00:02:40,977 --> 00:02:41,711 Think what would be possible 61 00:02:41,711 --> 00:02:42,979 from the air. 62 00:02:42,979 --> 00:02:46,249 NASA is taking science to new 63 00:02:46,249 --> 00:02:46,816 heights. 64 00:02:46,816 --> 00:02:48,518 Meanwhile, it's earth day. 65 00:02:48,518 --> 00:02:49,652 Have you thrown away those 66 00:02:49,652 --> 00:02:51,387 plastic straws? 67 00:02:51,387 --> 00:02:54,090 How about planting a tree. 68 00:02:54,090 --> 00:02:58,728 NASA secrets you--invites you to 69 00:02:58,728 --> 00:03:01,464 take a picture using #picture 70 00:03:01,464 --> 00:03:02,198 earth. 71 00:03:02,198 --> 00:03:03,633 It can be a setting sun, a 72 00:03:03,633 --> 00:03:08,304 blooming flour or a pile of 73 00:03:08,304 --> 00:03:09,739 dirt. 74 00:03:09,739 --> 00:03:13,142 NASA will take this to a cause 75 00:03:13,142 --> 00:03:18,715 of legit pro portions. 76 00:03:18,715 --> 00:03:22,852 Hungry for more NASA news? 77 00:03:22,852 --> 00:03:27,257 Check it out, you might even 78 00:03:27,257 --> 00:03:29,525 learn something. 79 00:03:29,525 --> 00:03:30,793 Back to you, Sophia. 80 00:03:30,793 --> 00:03:31,961 >> Thanks, Scott. 81 00:03:31,961 --> 00:03:32,929 Happy earth day. 82 00:03:32,929 --> 00:03:34,497 Today's episode celebrates what 83 00:03:34,497 --> 00:03:38,234 makes our homes special and 84 00:03:38,234 --> 00:03:38,768 weird. 85 00:03:38,768 --> 00:03:43,072 We've been asking you to send us 86 00:03:43,072 --> 00:03:46,175 pictures of your environment. 87 00:03:46,175 --> 00:03:50,446 Take a look on social media and 88 00:03:50,446 --> 00:03:52,282 there is still time for you to 89 00:03:52,282 --> 00:03:54,284 submit your own picture. 90 00:03:54,284 --> 00:03:55,685 During today's episode we're 91 00:03:55,685 --> 00:03:57,687 going to talk about some of the 92 00:03:57,687 --> 00:03:59,589 features that make our home 93 00:03:59,589 --> 00:04:01,357 weird, how we study our planet 94 00:04:01,357 --> 00:04:03,393 and how we might see these 95 00:04:03,393 --> 00:04:06,796 features elsewhere in the solar 96 00:04:06,796 --> 00:04:07,030 system. 97 00:04:07,030 --> 00:04:13,036 Send your questions #ask NASA. 98 00:04:13,036 --> 00:04:14,671 Before we go any further, let's 99 00:04:14,671 --> 00:04:16,639 look at how earth is unique. 100 00:04:16,639 --> 00:04:17,907 >> Earth. 101 00:04:17,907 --> 00:04:23,479 Home. 102 00:04:23,479 --> 00:04:25,882 >> Of all that NASA has 103 00:04:25,882 --> 00:04:28,017 explored, none have matched the 104 00:04:28,017 --> 00:04:29,585 complexity of our own. 105 00:04:29,585 --> 00:04:32,855 Deserts, tropical forests, icy 106 00:04:32,855 --> 00:04:37,293 poles, massive storms, a unique 107 00:04:37,293 --> 00:04:39,295 atmosphere that protects and 108 00:04:39,295 --> 00:04:43,099 insulates us, liquid water spans 109 00:04:43,099 --> 00:04:45,234 its surface. 110 00:04:45,234 --> 00:04:46,669 And a delicate balance of 111 00:04:46,669 --> 00:04:48,805 systems gives way to a 112 00:04:48,805 --> 00:04:50,807 kaleidoscope of life. 113 00:04:50,807 --> 00:04:52,809 Earth is a very special place. 114 00:04:52,809 --> 00:04:55,578 From the vantage point of space, 115 00:04:55,578 --> 00:04:59,048 the perspective of sky and sea, 116 00:04:59,048 --> 00:05:02,051 we study our planet not only to 117 00:05:02,051 --> 00:05:03,586 learn about it, but also to 118 00:05:03,586 --> 00:05:08,591 protect. 119 00:05:08,591 --> 00:05:10,893 >> Earth is weird. 120 00:05:10,893 --> 00:05:13,429 There is an active moving core. 121 00:05:13,429 --> 00:05:15,431 A magnetic field that protects 122 00:05:15,431 --> 00:05:16,833 our planet, a delicate 123 00:05:16,833 --> 00:05:18,568 atmosphere and fresh water that 124 00:05:18,568 --> 00:05:21,838 moves throughout the land and 125 00:05:21,838 --> 00:05:22,705 air. 126 00:05:22,705 --> 00:05:25,908 Then the weirdest of all: us. 127 00:05:25,908 --> 00:05:28,077 There is nowhere else in the 128 00:05:28,077 --> 00:05:30,246 solar system where we have found 129 00:05:30,246 --> 00:05:33,816 life like our home planet. 130 00:05:33,816 --> 00:05:35,218 We're going to talk to three 131 00:05:35,218 --> 00:05:36,919 experts who will help us dive in 132 00:05:36,919 --> 00:05:39,055 these topics. 133 00:05:39,055 --> 00:05:40,323 We have Annmarie Eldering from 134 00:05:40,323 --> 00:05:43,726 NASA's jpl who is working on the 135 00:05:43,726 --> 00:05:49,298 orbiting carbon serve tore. 136 00:05:49,298 --> 00:05:50,867 We've Jim Garvin, NASA's chief 137 00:05:50,867 --> 00:05:53,569 scientist and Alicia Joseph, a 138 00:05:53,569 --> 00:05:57,707 leading scientist here at 139 00:05:57,707 --> 00:05:59,142 Goddard. 140 00:05:59,142 --> 00:06:00,710 I'm going to start with you, 141 00:06:00,710 --> 00:06:02,545 Jim, how do we get water on our 142 00:06:02,545 --> 00:06:03,212 earth? 143 00:06:03,212 --> 00:06:06,983 >> So our planet was born four 144 00:06:06,983 --> 00:06:08,418 and a half billion years ago 145 00:06:08,418 --> 00:06:09,685 when it came together. 146 00:06:09,685 --> 00:06:10,953 It formed hot. 147 00:06:10,953 --> 00:06:12,789 As it formed it was collided 148 00:06:12,789 --> 00:06:17,627 with from the remnants in our 149 00:06:17,627 --> 00:06:18,494 solar system. 150 00:06:18,494 --> 00:06:20,797 Some were water edge. 151 00:06:20,797 --> 00:06:26,202 Comets and then volcanos 152 00:06:26,202 --> 00:06:30,006 erupted, releasing even more 153 00:06:30,006 --> 00:06:30,740 water. 154 00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:32,708 And it effects even the rocks on 155 00:06:32,708 --> 00:06:33,743 our continent. 156 00:06:33,743 --> 00:06:40,249 We are the water planet. 157 00:06:40,249 --> 00:06:42,952 >> Whoo, and Alicia, how does it 158 00:06:42,952 --> 00:06:45,121 move there our atmosphere. 159 00:06:45,121 --> 00:06:47,090 >> Well, it's a fascinating 160 00:06:47,090 --> 00:06:48,257 process which describes how 161 00:06:48,257 --> 00:06:51,928 water moves above and below the 162 00:06:51,928 --> 00:06:53,362 earth's surface. 163 00:06:53,362 --> 00:06:55,665 Water moves from one reservoir 164 00:06:55,665 --> 00:06:59,469 to another, for example, ice, 165 00:06:59,469 --> 00:07:02,638 fresh and saline water like 166 00:07:02,638 --> 00:07:05,741 ocean, lakes, rivers, and 167 00:07:05,741 --> 00:07:11,547 aquifers and the atmosphere. 168 00:07:11,547 --> 00:07:13,049 By the physical process of 169 00:07:13,049 --> 00:07:20,823 evaporation, precipitation, and 170 00:07:20,823 --> 00:07:22,091 surface run off. 171 00:07:22,091 --> 00:07:24,560 In doing so water goes through 172 00:07:24,560 --> 00:07:27,830 various forms like ice in its 173 00:07:27,830 --> 00:07:30,500 solid state, liquid and vapor in 174 00:07:30,500 --> 00:07:41,210 its gasseous state. 175 00:07:41,210 --> 00:07:43,613 >> Can you talk to us about how 176 00:07:43,613 --> 00:07:45,915 our atmosphere has formed? 177 00:07:45,915 --> 00:07:47,750 >> Our planet is special because 178 00:07:47,750 --> 00:07:52,155 it's big enough to contain an 179 00:07:52,155 --> 00:07:53,756 atmosphere. 180 00:07:53,756 --> 00:07:57,026 When the earth released gasses 181 00:07:57,026 --> 00:08:01,297 and it built up over time, and 182 00:08:01,297 --> 00:08:05,434 affected our planet and slowly 183 00:08:05,434 --> 00:08:07,403 began the activity of life. 184 00:08:07,403 --> 00:08:08,838 That's what makes our planet 185 00:08:08,838 --> 00:08:10,506 atmosphere so unique. 186 00:08:10,506 --> 00:08:12,175 >> Yes, our atmosphere is just 187 00:08:12,175 --> 00:08:13,376 perfect for us. 188 00:08:13,376 --> 00:08:16,546 It has 21% oxygen. 189 00:08:16,546 --> 00:08:18,047 That's what we breathe, a whole 190 00:08:18,047 --> 00:08:21,217 lot of nitrogen and other gasses 191 00:08:21,217 --> 00:08:22,652 in trace amounts. 192 00:08:22,652 --> 00:08:29,325 One of those is carbon dioxide. 193 00:08:29,325 --> 00:08:31,294 It's like a blanket and keeps 194 00:08:31,294 --> 00:08:34,830 our heat comfortable. 195 00:08:34,830 --> 00:08:37,567 But in concentration is 196 00:08:37,567 --> 00:08:38,834 something that we need to keep 197 00:08:38,834 --> 00:08:39,869 our eye on. 198 00:08:39,869 --> 00:08:44,540 And and if it's high in the 199 00:08:44,540 --> 00:08:50,112 atmosphere it protect us from uv 200 00:08:50,112 --> 00:08:51,948 radiation. 201 00:08:51,948 --> 00:08:53,115 >> One of the things I don't 202 00:08:53,115 --> 00:08:54,383 think about when we talk about 203 00:08:54,383 --> 00:08:57,086 the earth but is super important 204 00:08:57,086 --> 00:08:58,354 is on the inside. 205 00:08:58,354 --> 00:08:59,388 That's our core. 206 00:08:59,388 --> 00:09:00,890 Jim, can you tell us about our 207 00:09:00,890 --> 00:09:01,791 earth's core? 208 00:09:01,791 --> 00:09:05,328 >> Our planet is special because 209 00:09:05,328 --> 00:09:09,165 we have a sweet inner score. 210 00:09:09,165 --> 00:09:11,400 And an outer liquid core that 211 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,436 moves and it rotates and create 212 00:09:13,436 --> 00:09:16,138 a geomagnetic field. 213 00:09:16,138 --> 00:09:17,173 And that field is the force 214 00:09:17,173 --> 00:09:18,841 field that protects us from all 215 00:09:18,841 --> 00:09:21,143 that nasty space radiation that 216 00:09:21,143 --> 00:09:24,981 if we moved beyond it we would 217 00:09:24,981 --> 00:09:26,349 be experiencing. 218 00:09:26,349 --> 00:09:27,984 We're lucky to have an inner 219 00:09:27,984 --> 00:09:28,517 core. 220 00:09:28,517 --> 00:09:30,686 We look at such elements on 221 00:09:30,686 --> 00:09:34,657 other planets like mars, where 222 00:09:34,657 --> 00:09:37,660 we'll be working for the martian 223 00:09:37,660 --> 00:09:38,060 core. 224 00:09:38,060 --> 00:09:39,629 >> Now is our chance to take 225 00:09:39,629 --> 00:09:40,863 questions from you. 226 00:09:40,863 --> 00:09:41,797 If you can send your questions 227 00:09:41,797 --> 00:09:53,709 in, use #ask NASA, and go to 228 00:09:53,709 --> 00:09:56,312 Twitter. 229 00:09:56,312 --> 00:09:57,980 Vickie on face back is asking 230 00:09:57,980 --> 00:10:00,283 how come earth is the only 231 00:10:00,283 --> 00:10:03,152 planet with water and oceans? 232 00:10:03,152 --> 00:10:05,655 >> Well, I will say this, first, 233 00:10:05,655 --> 00:10:08,257 some of the planets and 234 00:10:08,257 --> 00:10:10,393 planet-like objects have oceans, 235 00:10:10,393 --> 00:10:12,128 but you don't see them on the 236 00:10:12,128 --> 00:10:13,062 surface. 237 00:10:13,062 --> 00:10:15,364 One of the big moons of Jupiter 238 00:10:15,364 --> 00:10:17,667 called Europa, about the size of 239 00:10:17,667 --> 00:10:21,804 our moon, probably has a bigger 240 00:10:21,804 --> 00:10:23,472 ocean than earth under an ice 241 00:10:23,472 --> 00:10:24,173 shell. 242 00:10:24,173 --> 00:10:27,743 And a lot of mars is frozen. 243 00:10:27,743 --> 00:10:29,745 So it's not exactly that planets 244 00:10:29,745 --> 00:10:31,180 you see what you get. 245 00:10:31,180 --> 00:10:34,583 There are ocean worlds to 246 00:10:34,583 --> 00:10:36,585 discover. 247 00:10:36,585 --> 00:10:37,586 >> Excellent. 248 00:10:37,586 --> 00:10:39,422 On Twitter, how many advances in 249 00:10:39,422 --> 00:10:40,990 space technology have helped us 250 00:10:40,990 --> 00:10:43,693 on earth? 251 00:10:43,693 --> 00:10:45,695 >> I think the answer is a lot. 252 00:10:45,695 --> 00:10:47,096 [laughing] 253 00:10:47,096 --> 00:10:48,531 I mean, I know there is 254 00:10:48,531 --> 00:10:51,100 insulating materials that were 255 00:10:51,100 --> 00:10:58,641 deviled for space program that 256 00:10:58,641 --> 00:11:02,211 benefited us in our lives. 257 00:11:02,211 --> 00:11:05,047 >> Laser detection we can use to 258 00:11:05,047 --> 00:11:07,750 figure outdistances to things 259 00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:09,852 that led us to driverless cars. 260 00:11:09,852 --> 00:11:12,888 And there are things in our 261 00:11:12,888 --> 00:11:15,291 atmosphere that affect our 262 00:11:15,291 --> 00:11:16,158 quality of life. 263 00:11:16,158 --> 00:11:18,127 >> Every day at NASA, scientists 264 00:11:18,127 --> 00:11:19,562 and engineers are continuing to 265 00:11:19,562 --> 00:11:24,433 push the envelope and to do 266 00:11:24,433 --> 00:11:26,235 research to take it further and 267 00:11:26,235 --> 00:11:27,670 give us more information. 268 00:11:27,670 --> 00:11:28,838 >> What planet have we 269 00:11:28,838 --> 00:11:31,374 discovered is the closest in 270 00:11:31,374 --> 00:11:34,410 characteristics to earth? 271 00:11:34,410 --> 00:11:36,078 >> Well, it depends on how you 272 00:11:36,078 --> 00:11:36,946 look at it. 273 00:11:36,946 --> 00:11:41,250 For me that world would be mars. 274 00:11:41,250 --> 00:11:41,951 Even though it has less 275 00:11:41,951 --> 00:11:44,353 atmosphere, it's colder, but it 276 00:11:44,353 --> 00:11:46,655 has a history book written in 277 00:11:46,655 --> 00:11:53,162 the rocks, so it really is like 278 00:11:53,162 --> 00:11:54,730 earth's brother. 279 00:11:54,730 --> 00:11:57,600 But don't forget Venus. 280 00:11:57,600 --> 00:11:59,568 She's hiding her secrets and we 281 00:11:59,568 --> 00:12:07,977 have to get to know better. 282 00:12:07,977 --> 00:12:08,411 >> Wonderful. 283 00:12:08,411 --> 00:12:11,747 Ask #NASA. 284 00:12:11,747 --> 00:12:15,217 Let's talk about how we study 285 00:12:15,217 --> 00:12:18,954 earth and the processes that 286 00:12:18,954 --> 00:12:20,623 work on this planet. 287 00:12:20,623 --> 00:12:29,331 Annmarie, can you tell us how we 288 00:12:29,331 --> 00:12:30,900 study earth. 289 00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:32,435 >> Humans have been studying 290 00:12:32,435 --> 00:12:36,005 earth by looking in the sky and 291 00:12:36,005 --> 00:12:36,806 around us. 292 00:12:36,806 --> 00:12:37,740 But there is only so much you 293 00:12:37,740 --> 00:12:39,408 can learn that way. 294 00:12:39,408 --> 00:12:44,246 By using satellites you can how 295 00:12:44,246 --> 00:12:46,148 everything is connected. 296 00:12:46,148 --> 00:12:52,254 I'm going to tell you about 297 00:12:52,254 --> 00:12:54,089 carbon dioxide. 298 00:12:54,089 --> 00:12:56,091 You can see how quickly it moves 299 00:12:56,091 --> 00:12:58,060 around and it's emitted by 300 00:12:58,060 --> 00:13:01,497 humans when we burn fossil fuel 301 00:13:01,497 --> 00:13:03,933 we put it up in the atmosphere. 302 00:13:03,933 --> 00:13:05,768 It's like a blanket capturing 303 00:13:05,768 --> 00:13:06,435 heat. 304 00:13:06,435 --> 00:13:07,770 When the amount increases it 305 00:13:07,770 --> 00:13:09,338 keeps us really warm. 306 00:13:09,338 --> 00:13:12,608 But carbon dioxide is dynamic 307 00:13:12,608 --> 00:13:15,144 with other parts of our earth. 308 00:13:15,144 --> 00:13:17,746 The plants on the earth take it 309 00:13:17,746 --> 00:13:20,850 up from the atmosphere and 310 00:13:20,850 --> 00:13:22,585 release it when the leaves fall 311 00:13:22,585 --> 00:13:23,419 off. 312 00:13:23,419 --> 00:13:25,154 To understand it and pull these 313 00:13:25,154 --> 00:13:27,857 pieces apart and see why each 314 00:13:27,857 --> 00:13:29,658 piece is different in the carbon 315 00:13:29,658 --> 00:13:31,260 cycle we use satellites to do 316 00:13:31,260 --> 00:13:32,361 that. 317 00:13:32,361 --> 00:13:35,097 We have o Co2 which has been up 318 00:13:35,097 --> 00:13:37,366 there since 2014. 319 00:13:37,366 --> 00:13:40,503 This is a model one-tenth in 320 00:13:40,503 --> 00:13:41,170 size. 321 00:13:41,170 --> 00:13:42,471 The real thing is about the size 322 00:13:42,471 --> 00:13:43,906 of a refrigerator. 323 00:13:43,906 --> 00:13:48,177 There is a payload going up to 324 00:13:48,177 --> 00:13:58,988 the international space station 325 00:13:58,988 --> 00:14:00,723 with oco-3. 326 00:14:00,723 --> 00:14:01,857 >> That's happening soon. 327 00:14:01,857 --> 00:14:02,424 >> Yes. 328 00:14:02,424 --> 00:14:05,094 >> And we have the water cycle 329 00:14:05,094 --> 00:14:06,862 that is important. 330 00:14:06,862 --> 00:14:11,534 >> We use satellite, campaigns 331 00:14:11,534 --> 00:14:13,669 and ground instruments to study 332 00:14:13,669 --> 00:14:14,803 water. 333 00:14:14,803 --> 00:14:16,672 Water is abundant on earth. 334 00:14:16,672 --> 00:14:19,942 Approximately 71% of the earth's 335 00:14:19,942 --> 00:14:22,478 surface is covered by water. 336 00:14:22,478 --> 00:14:26,782 However, less than 3% is fresh 337 00:14:26,782 --> 00:14:26,982 water. 338 00:14:26,982 --> 00:14:36,859 Meaning, potable or suitable for 339 00:14:36,859 --> 00:14:37,726 drinking. 340 00:14:37,726 --> 00:14:42,264 And of this, two-thirds is 341 00:14:42,264 --> 00:14:45,134 locked up in ice caps and 342 00:14:45,134 --> 00:14:47,102 glaciers. 343 00:14:47,102 --> 00:14:49,104 So fresh water is rare. 344 00:14:49,104 --> 00:14:53,242 We have satellites like snap, 345 00:14:53,242 --> 00:14:55,110 grace, which studies ground 346 00:14:55,110 --> 00:15:01,951 water, and land which can study 347 00:15:01,951 --> 00:15:11,827 the evaporate. 348 00:15:11,827 --> 00:15:15,164 Collect data on small water 349 00:15:15,164 --> 00:15:19,301 equivalent, and this data is 350 00:15:19,301 --> 00:15:20,569 important. 351 00:15:20,569 --> 00:15:23,439 It helps improve water 352 00:15:23,439 --> 00:15:30,412 management and it guides 353 00:15:30,412 --> 00:15:31,280 policies. 354 00:15:31,280 --> 00:15:32,247 For example, more than 355 00:15:32,247 --> 00:15:39,088 1.5 billion people rely on for 356 00:15:39,088 --> 00:15:40,089 water supply. 357 00:15:40,089 --> 00:15:42,958 >> You mentioned that NASA has 358 00:15:42,958 --> 00:15:51,600 an airborne observatory. 359 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:57,740 1.5 billion people is enormous. 360 00:15:57,740 --> 00:16:02,878 We didn't know that it we rely 361 00:16:02,878 --> 00:16:04,446 on know melt. 362 00:16:04,446 --> 00:16:05,714 Let's take a look at this. 363 00:16:05,714 --> 00:16:08,584 >> Yes. 364 00:16:08,584 --> 00:16:10,819 >> Between NASA jpl and the 365 00:16:10,819 --> 00:16:12,321 department of water resources. 366 00:16:12,321 --> 00:16:15,958 We operate in two states in 367 00:16:15,958 --> 00:16:17,793 western U.S. 368 00:16:17,793 --> 00:16:20,663 We operate in California and 369 00:16:20,663 --> 00:16:22,631 Colorado. 370 00:16:22,631 --> 00:16:23,499 We provide information to manage 371 00:16:23,499 --> 00:16:25,200 our water resources. 372 00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:36,545 We have learn two really great 373 00:16:36,545 --> 00:16:41,850 things, the amount of water we 374 00:16:41,850 --> 00:16:45,254 have in the snowpack, and how 375 00:16:45,254 --> 00:16:48,057 reflective it is tells us when 376 00:16:48,057 --> 00:16:50,259 it will melt from the mountains. 377 00:16:50,259 --> 00:16:53,529 We have two instruments on board 378 00:16:53,529 --> 00:16:55,397 that looks at the snowpack. 379 00:16:55,397 --> 00:16:56,665 The first instrument is a 380 00:16:56,665 --> 00:16:58,100 scanning radar. 381 00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:00,235 The second instrument is an 382 00:17:00,235 --> 00:17:08,143 imaging specktrometer. 383 00:17:08,143 --> 00:17:09,945 Right now we're delivering 384 00:17:09,945 --> 00:17:12,247 information to the department of 385 00:17:12,247 --> 00:17:14,149 water resources. 386 00:17:14,149 --> 00:17:15,884 That helps us where to put water 387 00:17:15,884 --> 00:17:18,287 and how to allocate those 388 00:17:18,287 --> 00:17:20,589 resources more efficiently. 389 00:17:20,589 --> 00:17:24,560 It's amazing to be flying at 390 00:17:24,560 --> 00:17:27,563 0,000 feet you get an epic view 391 00:17:27,563 --> 00:17:28,997 of the water shed and a view of 392 00:17:28,997 --> 00:17:30,666 the snowpack and how it's 393 00:17:30,666 --> 00:17:32,401 distributed as a scientist I 394 00:17:32,401 --> 00:17:33,936 really love just sitting up 395 00:17:33,936 --> 00:17:35,070 there and thinking about how I 396 00:17:35,070 --> 00:17:37,239 can understand the snowpack 397 00:17:37,239 --> 00:17:38,207 more. 398 00:17:38,207 --> 00:17:39,641 I start off in the spring 399 00:17:39,641 --> 00:17:40,509 working very long days and 400 00:17:40,509 --> 00:17:41,777 making sure that everything is 401 00:17:41,777 --> 00:17:43,912 going smoothly, but it is really 402 00:17:43,912 --> 00:17:45,914 worth it in the end to give the 403 00:17:45,914 --> 00:17:48,050 data to the folks who need it so 404 00:17:48,050 --> 00:17:49,618 we can improve our lives and 405 00:17:49,618 --> 00:17:51,453 manage our resources more 406 00:17:51,453 --> 00:17:52,321 efficiently. 407 00:17:52,321 --> 00:17:53,756 >> All right, I hear some of you 408 00:17:53,756 --> 00:17:57,159 are wondering about our NASA 409 00:17:57,159 --> 00:17:59,461 spin off technology. 410 00:17:59,461 --> 00:18:00,896 If you're interested in learning 411 00:18:00,896 --> 00:18:04,700 more about spin off technology. 412 00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:09,138 I had no idea before we started 413 00:18:09,138 --> 00:18:11,273 the show that so many relied on 414 00:18:11,273 --> 00:18:12,474 snow melt as a source of 415 00:18:12,474 --> 00:18:13,842 drinking water and it is 416 00:18:13,842 --> 00:18:15,744 incredible how our earth system 417 00:18:15,744 --> 00:18:18,514 is so connected to provide us 418 00:18:18,514 --> 00:18:21,216 with these precious resources. 419 00:18:21,216 --> 00:18:22,651 So we've been talking a lot 420 00:18:22,651 --> 00:18:24,219 about what makes earth special 421 00:18:24,219 --> 00:18:25,654 but it doesn't mean that it's 422 00:18:25,654 --> 00:18:27,222 only earth that has amazing 423 00:18:27,222 --> 00:18:30,893 resources like atmospheres or 424 00:18:30,893 --> 00:18:33,128 volcanos even seas. 425 00:18:33,128 --> 00:18:38,200 Yes, earth is pretty weird, but 426 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:41,870 we see distinctive qualities in 427 00:18:41,870 --> 00:18:44,873 the solar system and beyond. 428 00:18:44,873 --> 00:18:47,009 Let's look at some of the areas 429 00:18:47,009 --> 00:18:51,380 that share some of these 430 00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:53,282 features. 431 00:18:53,282 --> 00:18:55,684 Where do you think it is? 432 00:18:55,684 --> 00:18:56,685 Type your answers and wherever 433 00:18:56,685 --> 00:18:58,120 you're watching this. 434 00:18:58,120 --> 00:19:02,791 Is this atmosphere a, mercury. 435 00:19:02,791 --> 00:19:06,028 B, pluto. 436 00:19:06,028 --> 00:19:09,498 C, the moon. 437 00:19:09,498 --> 00:19:11,633 A, mercury. 438 00:19:11,633 --> 00:19:13,769 B, pluto. 439 00:19:13,769 --> 00:19:15,037 C, the moon. 440 00:19:15,037 --> 00:19:18,040 The answer is b, pluto. 441 00:19:18,040 --> 00:19:19,875 What is the difference between 442 00:19:19,875 --> 00:19:21,877 this atmosphere and this 443 00:19:21,877 --> 00:19:23,145 atmosphere. 444 00:19:23,145 --> 00:19:24,880 >> This is an atmosphere that we 445 00:19:24,880 --> 00:19:27,249 could not breathe very well. 446 00:19:27,249 --> 00:19:29,952 It has gasses and it also 447 00:19:29,952 --> 00:19:31,854 disappears and reappears almost 448 00:19:31,854 --> 00:19:33,822 completely because it condenses 449 00:19:33,822 --> 00:19:35,691 out and then goes back up. 450 00:19:35,691 --> 00:19:37,059 So it's very different kind of 451 00:19:37,059 --> 00:19:38,927 atmosphere than we have here on 452 00:19:38,927 --> 00:19:39,795 earth. 453 00:19:39,795 --> 00:19:41,063 >> Let's get on to another 454 00:19:41,063 --> 00:19:42,097 question. 455 00:19:42,097 --> 00:19:44,499 There are volcanos on other 456 00:19:44,499 --> 00:19:45,667 planets, too. 457 00:19:45,667 --> 00:19:47,336 Where do you think that this 458 00:19:47,336 --> 00:19:50,205 volcano is in our solar system? 459 00:19:50,205 --> 00:19:51,773 A, Venus. 460 00:19:51,773 --> 00:19:54,176 B, Saturn. 461 00:19:54,176 --> 00:19:56,311 C, mars. 462 00:19:56,311 --> 00:19:59,882 Is it Venus, is it Saturn, or 463 00:19:59,882 --> 00:20:00,549 mars. 464 00:20:00,549 --> 00:20:02,885 The answer is mars. 465 00:20:02,885 --> 00:20:06,555 How do the volcanos on mars 466 00:20:06,555 --> 00:20:08,090 compare to the ones on earth? 467 00:20:08,090 --> 00:20:10,692 >> This volcano is the biggest 468 00:20:10,692 --> 00:20:12,961 volcano we've discovered in our 469 00:20:12,961 --> 00:20:14,396 solar system. 470 00:20:14,396 --> 00:20:15,998 90,000 feet high. 471 00:20:15,998 --> 00:20:19,101 It's as big as France. 472 00:20:19,101 --> 00:20:25,908 One volcano five cubic miles of 473 00:20:25,908 --> 00:20:26,108 rock. 474 00:20:26,108 --> 00:20:31,213 So this is the grandaddy when 475 00:20:31,213 --> 00:20:34,883 this volcano erupted it produced 476 00:20:34,883 --> 00:20:42,724 enough gas to throw 477 00:20:42,724 --> 00:20:45,527 Mediterranean ocean with water. 478 00:20:45,527 --> 00:20:47,162 >> There are other seas but they 479 00:20:47,162 --> 00:20:50,565 may not be made up of water. 480 00:20:50,565 --> 00:20:51,533 Where are these seas? 481 00:20:51,533 --> 00:21:02,644 A, Saturn, b, Europa or c foe 482 00:21:02,644 --> 00:21:06,014 toes. 483 00:21:06,014 --> 00:21:08,050 The answer is a. 484 00:21:08,050 --> 00:21:09,318 Are these similar to the ones on 485 00:21:09,318 --> 00:21:10,519 earth? 486 00:21:10,519 --> 00:21:12,120 >> They're very different. 487 00:21:12,120 --> 00:21:12,988 These seas are made of 488 00:21:12,988 --> 00:21:15,357 hydrocarbon and they freeze from 489 00:21:15,357 --> 00:21:16,425 the bottom up. 490 00:21:16,425 --> 00:21:17,726 We're seeing them through the 491 00:21:17,726 --> 00:21:22,898 eyes of radar flying on the 492 00:21:22,898 --> 00:21:24,666 radar Cassini. 493 00:21:24,666 --> 00:21:28,136 And it is bigger than our moon 494 00:21:28,136 --> 00:21:29,404 to our planet. 495 00:21:29,404 --> 00:21:31,540 This is the connectivity of our 496 00:21:31,540 --> 00:21:33,842 planet to other worlds. 497 00:21:33,842 --> 00:21:37,245 >> So did any of you get those 498 00:21:37,245 --> 00:21:39,648 at home right? 499 00:21:39,648 --> 00:21:41,550 Our scientists are ready to 500 00:21:41,550 --> 00:21:46,655 answer your questions using #ask 501 00:21:46,655 --> 00:21:47,356 NASA. 502 00:21:47,356 --> 00:21:52,761 How did earth cool down? 503 00:21:52,761 --> 00:21:54,496 >> Well,. 504 00:21:54,496 --> 00:21:55,597 >> Sounds like another Jim 505 00:21:55,597 --> 00:21:56,164 question. 506 00:21:56,164 --> 00:21:59,601 >> Well, our planet was big and 507 00:21:59,601 --> 00:22:00,602 born hot. 508 00:22:00,602 --> 00:22:07,275 But conduction and the planet 509 00:22:07,275 --> 00:22:08,310 cooled down. 510 00:22:08,310 --> 00:22:10,712 But it's still warm and we have 511 00:22:10,712 --> 00:22:13,348 undersea volcanos that help to 512 00:22:13,348 --> 00:22:15,684 get rid of that excessive heat 513 00:22:15,684 --> 00:22:17,686 on our planet. 514 00:22:17,686 --> 00:22:18,787 While that's happening the 515 00:22:18,787 --> 00:22:20,222 planet's regulating itself 516 00:22:20,222 --> 00:22:20,956 inside. 517 00:22:20,956 --> 00:22:23,658 So that's what makes earth so 518 00:22:23,658 --> 00:22:24,493 spectacular. 519 00:22:24,493 --> 00:22:26,495 We have action everywhere. 520 00:22:26,495 --> 00:22:29,297 >> All right, Susan on Facebook 521 00:22:29,297 --> 00:22:31,500 is asking, is there evidence of 522 00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:34,503 other planet's cores that used 523 00:22:34,503 --> 00:22:36,171 to behave like ours? 524 00:22:36,171 --> 00:22:45,013 >> We did detect the science of 525 00:22:45,013 --> 00:22:47,282 magnetic field on mars. 526 00:22:47,282 --> 00:22:48,717 But then something happened, 527 00:22:48,717 --> 00:22:53,155 mars managed to lose its 528 00:22:53,155 --> 00:22:54,556 magnetic field. 529 00:22:54,556 --> 00:22:55,524 How do you do that? 530 00:22:55,524 --> 00:22:58,960 I haven't lost a magnetic field 531 00:22:58,960 --> 00:22:59,127 yet. 532 00:22:59,127 --> 00:23:02,464 You need that to sustain life 533 00:23:02,464 --> 00:23:03,932 today. 534 00:23:03,932 --> 00:23:10,072 So good for either, let's watch 535 00:23:10,072 --> 00:23:10,372 mars. 536 00:23:10,372 --> 00:23:12,140 >> How big is the ozone hole and 537 00:23:12,140 --> 00:23:13,642 has it changed? 538 00:23:13,642 --> 00:23:14,910 >> That's a great question. 539 00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:17,212 The ozone hole, I don't have a 540 00:23:17,212 --> 00:23:19,047 number in square miles but I can 541 00:23:19,047 --> 00:23:21,883 tell you that it's not as big 542 00:23:21,883 --> 00:23:25,153 now that it used to be. 543 00:23:25,153 --> 00:23:28,557 Remember those aerosol spray 544 00:23:28,557 --> 00:23:29,424 cans? 545 00:23:29,424 --> 00:23:34,830 No more of that, we are we're 546 00:23:34,830 --> 00:23:36,364 starting to see the repair of 547 00:23:36,364 --> 00:23:39,101 the ozone holes. 548 00:23:39,101 --> 00:23:40,235 >> What are some of the things 549 00:23:40,235 --> 00:23:42,537 that we can do to nurture our 550 00:23:42,537 --> 00:23:43,805 planet. 551 00:23:43,805 --> 00:23:45,674 >> Buy less stuff. 552 00:23:45,674 --> 00:23:47,509 The less stuff we buy, the less 553 00:23:47,509 --> 00:23:49,211 has to be made. 554 00:23:49,211 --> 00:23:49,911 That's good. 555 00:23:49,911 --> 00:23:56,017 I'm a big fan of the bicycle. 556 00:23:56,017 --> 00:23:57,619 That's one thing I do to reduce 557 00:23:57,619 --> 00:23:58,720 my driving. 558 00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:01,022 >> Conservation of our natural 559 00:24:01,022 --> 00:24:02,457 resources like water and other 560 00:24:02,457 --> 00:24:03,458 things. 561 00:24:03,458 --> 00:24:05,160 >> And plant trees. 562 00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:07,395 >> Yes. 563 00:24:07,395 --> 00:24:07,629 >> Yes. 564 00:24:07,629 --> 00:24:12,367 All right, Alicia, we have 565 00:24:12,367 --> 00:24:13,401 another question for you, which 566 00:24:13,401 --> 00:24:16,805 is how do satellites track the 567 00:24:16,805 --> 00:24:17,706 movement of water? 568 00:24:17,706 --> 00:24:20,242 >> Well, we use satellites to 569 00:24:20,242 --> 00:24:23,645 track the movement of water in 570 00:24:23,645 --> 00:24:25,380 various ways. 571 00:24:25,380 --> 00:24:26,448 We have several missions that 572 00:24:26,448 --> 00:24:27,382 are up. 573 00:24:27,382 --> 00:24:30,018 For example, we have snap, as I 574 00:24:30,018 --> 00:24:33,889 mentioned, and we track soil 575 00:24:33,889 --> 00:24:35,624 moisture using that. 576 00:24:35,624 --> 00:24:38,160 We have gpn, the global 577 00:24:38,160 --> 00:24:40,328 precipitation measurement, and 578 00:24:40,328 --> 00:24:42,297 we use that to track 579 00:24:42,297 --> 00:24:45,867 precipitation, that is pulled 580 00:24:45,867 --> 00:24:47,435 from the air. 581 00:24:47,435 --> 00:24:52,274 And ice and the air flow where 582 00:24:52,274 --> 00:24:55,710 we track the ice and snow in our 583 00:24:55,710 --> 00:24:57,546 atmosphere and on the surface of 584 00:24:57,546 --> 00:24:58,947 the earth. 585 00:24:58,947 --> 00:25:01,516 >> I'm glad we're doing so much. 586 00:25:01,516 --> 00:25:03,652 All right, how does global 587 00:25:03,652 --> 00:25:05,954 warming affect earth? 588 00:25:05,954 --> 00:25:09,224 >> Wow, that's a long answer. 589 00:25:09,224 --> 00:25:11,927 I'll give you a couple of ideas. 590 00:25:11,927 --> 00:25:14,763 First thing we want to say is 591 00:25:14,763 --> 00:25:16,031 that the temperatures have been 592 00:25:16,031 --> 00:25:16,765 increasing. 593 00:25:16,765 --> 00:25:17,632 We can see that in the 594 00:25:17,632 --> 00:25:19,067 temperature record the fact that 595 00:25:19,067 --> 00:25:20,335 many times we see where the 596 00:25:20,335 --> 00:25:23,004 hottest year on record. 597 00:25:23,004 --> 00:25:24,272 The ice sheets are another 598 00:25:24,272 --> 00:25:27,442 place, and the we sea the sea 599 00:25:27,442 --> 00:25:29,844 levels increasing, and that ice 600 00:25:29,844 --> 00:25:32,714 sheeting area is shrinking. 601 00:25:32,714 --> 00:25:37,152 That all impacts from the 602 00:25:37,152 --> 00:25:38,119 warming temperatures. 603 00:25:38,119 --> 00:25:39,387 >> Things that were never 604 00:25:39,387 --> 00:25:41,823 exposed are now exposed. 605 00:25:41,823 --> 00:25:44,526 Green land has now been exposed. 606 00:25:44,526 --> 00:25:47,229 We're finding airports from 50, 607 00:25:47,229 --> 00:25:51,199 70 years ago that were buried in 608 00:25:51,199 --> 00:25:53,201 ice that are showing some of 609 00:25:53,201 --> 00:25:56,605 those consequences. 610 00:25:56,605 --> 00:25:59,474 >> That's all the time that we 611 00:25:59,474 --> 00:26:00,475 have today. 612 00:26:00,475 --> 00:26:10,585 Thank you for participating and 613 00:26:10,585 --> 00:26:12,487 sending questions in, keep 614 00:26:12,487 --> 00:26:14,289 sending them in. 615 00:26:14,289 --> 00:26:15,824 On earth, the combination of 616 00:26:15,824 --> 00:26:17,259 features come together in a 617 00:26:17,259 --> 00:26:19,394 perfect balance, and it gives us 618 00:26:19,394 --> 00:26:21,830 an oasis in space. 619 00:26:21,830 --> 00:26:26,234 So scientists considering, in 620 00:26:26,234 --> 00:26:27,936 under five years, are your 621 00:26:27,936 --> 00:26:29,371 favorite things about earth? 622 00:26:29,371 --> 00:26:31,773 >> For me a snowy day on a 623 00:26:31,773 --> 00:26:34,075 mountaintop. 624 00:26:34,075 --> 00:26:38,913 >> Our spaceship earth is like 625 00:26:38,913 --> 00:26:41,616 an island in space. 626 00:26:41,616 --> 00:26:44,152 It mimics how our planet is. 627 00:26:44,152 --> 00:26:46,454 >> I love the regenerative 628 00:26:46,454 --> 00:26:48,390 properties of the earth. 629 00:26:48,390 --> 00:26:51,860 The earth heals itself. 630 00:26:51,860 --> 00:26:53,428 >> What is your favorite thing 631 00:26:53,428 --> 00:26:54,129 about earth. 632 00:26:54,129 --> 00:26:58,199 Let's hear from other scientists 633 00:26:58,199 --> 00:26:59,834 about what they have to say. 634 00:26:59,834 --> 00:27:01,836 >> Earth is my favorite planet. 635 00:27:01,836 --> 00:27:04,539 >> My favorite part about planet 636 00:27:04,539 --> 00:27:07,809 earth is the ocean. 637 00:27:07,809 --> 00:27:09,377 >> My favorite part about earth 638 00:27:09,377 --> 00:27:11,079 is that there is life here. 639 00:27:11,079 --> 00:27:12,580 We know that there is life here. 640 00:27:12,580 --> 00:27:15,183 There are so many aspects, the 641 00:27:15,183 --> 00:27:17,185 fact that we're here. 642 00:27:17,185 --> 00:27:20,755 >> That flowing before a 643 00:27:20,755 --> 00:27:21,289 thunderstorm. 644 00:27:21,289 --> 00:27:25,193 >> I enjoy the feel of the wind. 645 00:27:25,193 --> 00:27:29,698 >> Flying on an airplane and 646 00:27:29,698 --> 00:27:33,134 you're between two decks of 647 00:27:33,134 --> 00:27:33,735 clouds. 648 00:27:33,735 --> 00:27:35,937 >> There is so much that we're 649 00:27:35,937 --> 00:27:37,972 learning in the hast two 650 00:27:37,972 --> 00:27:38,840 decades. 651 00:27:38,840 --> 00:27:41,376 >> There is such a large area on 652 00:27:41,376 --> 00:27:43,611 this planet that is basically 653 00:27:43,611 --> 00:27:45,613 relatively unexplored. 654 00:27:45,613 --> 00:27:48,917 >> The depths of the ocean. 655 00:27:48,917 --> 00:27:49,951 >> I think it's fantastic. 656 00:27:49,951 --> 00:27:51,619 >> I think the best thing about 657 00:27:51,619 --> 00:27:53,054 planet earth is that it's so 658 00:27:53,054 --> 00:27:54,789 close to the moon, and the moon 659 00:27:54,789 --> 00:27:55,924 is awesome. 660 00:27:55,924 --> 00:27:57,892 >> The earth has a large moon 661 00:27:57,892 --> 00:28:02,897 and it keeps the planet stable. 662 00:28:02,897 --> 00:28:04,332 >> Our atmosphere. 663 00:28:04,332 --> 00:28:06,468 >> And the feedback between life 664 00:28:06,468 --> 00:28:10,438 and our climate. 665 00:28:10,438 --> 00:28:15,110 >> How sunlight interacts. 666 00:28:15,110 --> 00:28:17,245 >> I love the diversity of life 667 00:28:17,245 --> 00:28:21,850 on earth and all of the places. 668 00:28:21,850 --> 00:28:22,817 It's pretty amazing. 669 00:28:22,817 --> 00:28:25,820 >> And my favorite thing is 670 00:28:25,820 --> 00:28:29,791 carb, sugar, butter and bread. 671 00:28:29,791 --> 00:28:32,794 So happy earth day, friends. 672 00:28:32,794 --> 00:28:34,229 Thank you for joining us. 673 00:28:34,229 --> 00:28:35,113 Next month we'll take you on a 674 00:28:35,113 --> 00:28:36,014 tour of storms across the solar 675 00:28:36,014 --> 00:28:36,781 system. 676 00:28:36,781 --> 00:28:37,949 We'll see you next time.