>> HELLO AND WELCOME TO NASA
SCIENCE LIVE, AN OPPORTUNITY FOR
TO YOU COME BEHIND THE SCENES TO
GET TO KNOW YOUR SPACE AGENCY.
I AM YOUR HOST SCOTT BEDNAR.
OK, TODAY IS ALL ABOUT BLACK
HOLES THEM IF YOU HAVE QUEEN
QUESTION ABOUT THE MYSTERIOUS
COSMIC GIANT THEN I HAVE HAVE
GOOD NEWS FOR YOU.
NASA LIVE IS A CHANCE
IT IS EASY TO US.
USE THE HASHTAG ASK NASA, LEAVE
A QUESTION AND THE COMMENT BOX
WHEREVER YOU ARE WATCHING THIS
PROGRAM TODAY.
OKAY.
OK.
LET'S GET SUCKED UP INTO THE
BLACK HOLES NOT LITERALLY OF
COURSE BECAUSE WE WOULD DIE.
WE WILL DISCUSS WHAT BLACK HOLES
ARE.
HOW THEY WORK?
WHY THEY EXIST.
YOU HAVE WONDERED WHAT WOULD
HAPPEN IF YOU FALL INTO A BLACK
HOLE?
WE GOT BLACK HOLE PEG, LINED UP
FOUR AND EVEN TALK YOU ON A TOUR
OF THE TELESCOPE THAT FLIES THE
FRIENDLY SKIES.
BUT, BEFORE WE TAKE OFF, PLEASE
BE SEATED, FASTEN THE SEAT BELT
AND TAKE NOTE OF THE NEAREST
EXIT AS YOU GIVE ATTENTION TO
THE SHORT BLACK HOLE SAFETY
VIDEO.
YOU WANT TO VISIT BLACK HOLE?
PACK YOUR BAGS.
UPDATE THE POWER SOURCE.
YOU ARE READY TO BLAST OFF.
HOWEVER, BEFORE DO YOU THAT, I
ONE PIECE OF ADVICE.
DON'T.
OK.
IF YOU MUST GO, I SUPPOSE YOU
SHOULD AT LEAST KNOW A FEW
THINGS ABOUT BLACK HOLES BEFORE
YOU LEAVE.
NODE KNOW WHO A BLACK HOLE IS?
AMOUNT OF BLACK HOLE IS A
PHYSICAL OBJECT IN SPACE LIKE
EVERYTHING HE IS.
IT IS MADE UP OF A TINY MASSIVE
POINT WHERE GRAVITY AND DENSITY
AND LIGHT CAN FALL INTO THAT AND
SOMETIMES OPENING AROUND IT AND
MAYBE SOME RADIATION.
SO BASICALLY, HERE IS REALLY
BAD.
HERE IS SPACE.
THEY COME IN TWO SIZES.
DON'T ASK ME WHY.
HE WE'RE NOT SURE NOT SURE.
HOWEVER BLACK HOLE IS NOT A LOT
OF THINGS.
IT IS NOT A HOLE.
IT IS NOT A COMIC VACUUM CLEANER
POPULATED BY UNICORNS AND SPACE.
ABSOLUTELY NOT A GOOD PLACE TO
VACATION.
OK.
FINE.
SO NEXT YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO
FIND A BLACK HOLE.
ALTHOUGH THEY COULD SNEAK UP
BEHIND.
THEY LIKELY WON'T.
THE NEAREST WITHIN IS 3,000
LIGHT-YEARS AWAY.
THERE ARE A COUPLE OF GOOD WAYS
TO FIND THEM.
S, BLACK HOLES TEN TO MESSES
WITH ENVIRONMENT SO YOU CAN
SOMETIMES USE INTERESTING CLUES
SUCH AS BUNCH OF STUFF ORBITING
WHAT PAIRS TO BE NOTHING.
SECOND AS WE MENTIONED BEFORE.
THERE IS STUFF OPENING AROUND US
CAUSE BY WHEN THINGS GET TO YOU.
SO NOW THAT YOU FOUND A BLACK
HOLE AND CLEARLY ARE LISTENING
NOT TO GO.
FIRST OF ALL,
THE GOOD NEWS IS AS LONG AS YOU
STAY FOR AWAY.
BLACK HOLES ARE SET BACK.
HOWEVER YOU NEED TO KEEP FEW
THINGS IN MIND.
THE RADIATION NEAR THE BLACK
HOLE THE CHANCE OF ESCAPE IS
CLOSER YOU GET.
AND IF YOU GET CLOSE ENOUGH YOU
HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT BEING SUCKED
IN A GUY AND NOODLE AND GET
REALLY WIRED.
UNLESS WE HAVE GREAT FIELDS AND
SPACESHIPS AND COMPLETELY
UNCOMFORTABLE, YOU SHOULD
PROBABLY STAY AWAY.
WELL, THAT SUMS UP BLACK HOLES
AT LEAST BEFORE THINGS START
GETTING REALLY COMPLICATE.
BEFORE YOU GO FOR REAL, REFER TO
BROCHURE IN THE SPACESHIP.
NOW REMEMBER YOUR TICKET.
ENJOY YOUR TRIP.
PLEASE BE CAREFUL.
>> WOE, THAT WAS ADORBS.
AM OBSESSED MAYBE OUR ALIEN
FRIEND WILL JOIN US LATER.
OK.
LET'S DIVE INTO BLACK HOLES.
AGAIN NOT LITERALLY.
I AM JOINED BY TWO NASA
SCIENTISTS BERNARD AND SIBASISH.
ALL RIGHT.
LET'S GET STARTED.
A TV SHOW ABOUT A BLACK HOLE WAS
NOT BE COMPLETE ABOUT ASKING
WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE.
>> THAT IS A GREAT QUESTION,
SCOTT.
YEAH.
BLACK HOLES ARE ANY OTHER
MASSIVE OBJECT IN THE UNIVERSE.
MASS IS CONDENSED INTO SMALL
VOLUMES THAT SPACE TIME AROUND
THIS IS IT WARPED SO MUCH NOT
EVEN LIGHT PHOTONS CAN COME OUT
OF IT?
MENT SO TO IMAGINE, IF SOMEBODY
IS COMPRESS, THE SUN IS
COMPRESSED TO VOLUME, A BLACK
HOLE.
AND IT IS COP PRESSED TO THIS
VOLUME, IT WILL BECOME A BLACK
HOLE.
NOT EVEN LIGHT CAN COME OUT OF
IT.
IT WOULD BE THE SAME.
>> ASTROPHYSICALLY, BLACK HOLE
IS USUALLY THE END POINT OF THE
DEAD STAR AFTER IT USED UP THE
FUEL AND IT GETS COMPRESSED TO A
TINY SPACE.
>> SO I UNDERSTAND YOU HAVE A
DEMONSTRATION THAT OVER HERE CAN
HELP US BETTER UNDERSTAND.
WE HAVE A LOT TO UNPACK.
DO YOU WANT TO SHOW IT TO YOU.
SURE.
WHILE BERNARD IS SETTING UP?
RAILROAD THAT YOU AT HOME CAN
SEN IN YOUR QUESTIONS.
USING THE #ASKNASA.
OR JUST TYPE THEM IN THE COMMENT
BOX WHEREVER YOU ARE WATCHING
THIS.
ALL RIGHT.
BERNARD, OVER TO YOU.
>> ALL RIGHT.
THUS THE SPANDEX SPACE TIME.
IT IS THE WAY WE VISUALIZE HOW
IT WORKS YOU A AYE CONSIDERING
TO EINSTEIN.
A FORCE BETWEEN TWO PASSIVE
OBJECT LIKE STARERS PLANET AND
IT WAS STRONG BECAUSE THEY WERE
QUITE CLOSE TOGETHER AND SO
MASSIVE AND DIRECT INTERACTION.
EINSTEIN SAYS THAT WAS NOT QUITE
RIGHT.
WHAT YOU SHOULD THINK IS ABOUT
SPACE ITSELF PLAYING THE CENTRAL
ROLE AND SPACE BEING UNCHANGING
SPACE IS KIND OF DEFORMABLE AND
HAVE EFFECT.
IF YOU TOOK SAY A SMALL STAR
TRAVELING TO SPACE AND NOT NEAR
ANYTHING ELSE AND GO IN A
STRAIGHT LINE THROUGH SPACE.
1:00 BUT IF FOR SOME REASON OR
SOMETHING VERY MASSIVE NEARBY.
SOME DENSE OBJECTS LIKE A BLACK
HOLE, SITTING IN SPACE SORT OF
DOES IT.
IT WANTS THE SPACE AND ANY
OBJECT TRYING TO MOVE IN A
STRAIGHT LINE CAN NOT MOVE IN A
STRAIGHT LINE ANY MORE AND GOING
AS STRAIGHT AS IT CONDITION AND
A CURVE LIKE THAT.
IF THE OBJECT IS LUCKY IT CAN
GET CAUGHT KIN ORBIT DESPITE
HAVING THE ORBIT OR A PATH
CONTINUOUSLY CURVED AROUND THE
CENTRAL OBJECT THAT IN FACT IS
HOW OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM WORKS
AND ORBIT AROUND THE SUN BECAUSE
THEY FEEL A SLIGHT CURVE THAT
THE SUN MAKES AROUND IT THAT'S
HOW GRAVITY WORKS AND IT HAS
INTERESTING SIDE EFFECTS SO NOT
PLANET AND SMALL OBJECTS BUT
EVEN LIGHT ITSELF CAN BE
AFFECTED 1:00 IF I HAD A VERY
DISTANT OBJECT IN THE UNIVERSE
AND VERY, VERY BRIGHT DISTANT
OBJECT AND I AM TRYING TO LOOK
STRAIGHT OUT AND SOMETHING LIKE
A BLACK HOLE OR THE DENSE OBJECT
IN-BETWEEN THE LIGHT DOESN'T
COME TO THE.
IT GETS OR HITS BLACK HOLE AND
ABSORBED BUT THE LIGHT THAT
WOULD GO PAST TO ME THOUGH RIGHT
OR THE LEFT IS ACTUALLY BIN BACK
TOWARD ME SO INSTEAD OF SEEING
ONE IMAGE I SEE A FEW OR EVEN A
WHOLE SMEARED OUT WING OF THE
ONE THING AND SOMETHING WE CALL
THIS IS HELPING ME PUT THINGS IN
PERSPECTIVE THIS IS SHOWING HOW
BLACK HOLES INTERACT AND THAT IS
HOW WE KNOW THEY EXIST EVEN
THOUGH CAN YOU NOT SEE THEM.
>> THAT IS ONE WAY WE HAVE IT.
ANOTHER WAY KIND OF RELATED IF
INSTEAD OF THE BLACK HOLE BEING
FAR AWAY.
IF IT IS PART OF THE STAR
SYSTEM, IT IS CONTINUOUS WHICH
MAY BE NORMAL STAR BUT
COMPRESSES THE BLACK HOLE AND
AS IT ORBIT AROUND.
THE OUTER LAYER CAN BE RIPPED
AWAY AND CAN END UP IN ORBIT THE
BLACK HOLE ITSELF IN THE DISK OF
GAS AND GAS IS VERY, VERY HOT
AND GLOWS BRIGHTLY AND THAT IS
ALSO SOMETHING HE CAN SEE.
>> BUT THANKS FOR THAT.
A BIT.
WELL, SO,
IT WAS NOT THAT LONG AGO.
THAT THE FIRST EVER IMAGE OF A
BLACK HOLE WAS REVEALED TO THE
WORLD.
AND IT WAS INCREDIBLE.
SO IBASISH, BERNARD, HOW?
>> NOW WE CAN SEE YOU.
SO THAT IS, I THINK, IT IS
STUPENDOUS ACHIEVE PRESIDENT ON
THE PART OF THE PHYSICISTS SO
ACTUALLY SEE BLACK HOLE SHADOW
SO WHAT YOU SEE IS ACTUALLY THE
DISK IN THE BACKGROUND AND THE
SHADOW OF BLACK HOLE AND IN THE
BLACK SPOT AROUND IT.
SO IT IS THE BLACK HOLE AIN'T IS
CENTRAL ACTIVE ENGINE OF THE
GALAXY AND WHICH IS ELLIPTICAL
WHICH IS NEARBY ACTIVE GALAXY
AND ACTIVE AND NOTE IT IS NOT
LOOK THE MERCURY FOR EXAMPLE.
MILKY WAY HAS BLACK HOLE AT THE
CENTER BUT IT IS LESS ACTIVITY
SO IT IS NOT AS FAST AS M87 AND
REVERY BRIGHT IN THE CENTER.
IT IS BRIGHT.
SO WE SEE THE BLACK HOLES IN THE
BACKDROP OF CENTRAL ENGINE.
NOT SUCH INCREDIBLE PHOTO.
FOR NOT IMPRESSED WITH W THE
FIRST PICTURE OF A BLACK HOLE
THEN CLEARLY YOU DON'T
UNDERSTAND THE SITUATION.
ALL RIGHT.
DON'T GO ANY WHERE.
I GOT LOTS OF QUESTION FOUR
COMING UP.
AS YOU HAVE HEARD EARLIER IN OUR
BLACK HOLE SAFETY VIDEO, YOU
STAY FOR AWAY ENOUGH FROM BLACK
HOLES AND THEY ARE NOT THAT
HARMFUL WHICH IS LIGHT OR IS NOT
BEING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE AS
WE SPEAK.
NOW WE HAVE SPECIAL GUEST LIVE
AND IN TECHNICOLOR OUR OWN ALIEN
TRAVELER.
OH, LOOKS LIKE IS BACKED UP A
LITTLE BIT.
WELCOME.
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY.
SO YOU RECENTLY TAKE TRIP TO A
BLACK HOLE.
WHAT DID YOU SEE?
THAT SOUNDS DANGEROUS.
WHAT ARE WE LOOKING AT?
LOOKS LIKE VERY CLOSES INDEED TO
A BLACK HOLE.
KIND OF ACTIVE ONE.
A DISK.
SOME KIND OF JETS COMING OUT TOP
AND BOTTOM SO IT IS MAKING IT
HAPPEN NEARBY.
>> SO TRAVELER IT DID FEEL
DIFFERENT NEAR A BLACK HOLE.
>> MORE PHOTOS.
>> WELL, SO IT HAS BEEN TO A
MILLION DEGREES SO IT MEAN
THAT'S THE BLACK HOLE IS VERY,
VERY VERY HIGH IN THE BLACK HOLE
SO TENS TO HAPPEN THAT SMALLER
BLACK HOLES AND THE BLACK HOMES
SO IT WOULD BE TENSE ARE DENSE
AND THE SUN AND THE BLACK HOLES
LIKE SEMINAR.
YEAH.
A SMALL BLACK HOLE.
BLACK HOLES GO.
YES.
BLACK HOLES GO.
ALL RIGHT.
TRAVELER.
I HAVE BEEN TOLD THAT TIME
ACTUALLY ACTS DIFFERENTLY.
WHAT DOES THAT FEEL LIKE TIME
BEING DIFFERENT?
>> OH.
IT LOOKS LIKE HE WAS TAKING CARE
OF A PLANT BEFORE THE TRIP.
HE GOT BACK AFTER A DAY OR SO.
HUGE TREE.
A LOT MORE TIME PAST OUT HERE
FAR FROM THE BLACK HOLE THAN
WHEN HE WAS CLOSE IN.
THE TIME IS ACTUALLY DIFFERENT.
IT IS DIFFERENT NEAR THE BLACK
HOLE.
>> FOR TEN YEARS, THERE WOULD BE
CALLED TO SAVE THOUSANDS OF
YEARS ON OUR CELL AND YOU CAN
ACTUALLY LIVE LONGER IF YOU WANT
TO LIVE LONGER.
GO A BLACK HOLE.
>> ALL RIGHT.
TRAVELER THANKS SO MUCH FOR
JOINING.
ABSOLUTELY PLEASURE AND YOU CAN
LOOK FOR LESS DANGEROUS
VACATION.
>> I HEAR THE CARIBBEAN IS NICE
THIS TIME OF YEAR.
WE GOT QUESTIONS COMING IN FROM
YOU AT HOME.
IF YOU WANT TO GET YOUR
QUESTIONS IN.
PLEASE SEN THEM IN USING THE
HASHTAG ASK NASA OR COME MEN IN
THE COMMENT BOX WHEREVER ARE
WATCHING.
ALL RIGHT.
HERE WE GO.
WHY IS IT THAT EVEN THE LIGHT
CAN ESCAPE FROM A BLACK MOLE WHY
CANNOT LIGHT ESCAPE FROM A BLACK
HOLE.
>> IS EXTREME VERSION OF WHAT A
TRAVELER EXPERIENCED?
LIGHT TIM ACTUALLY TICKS MORE
SLOWLY AS YOU ARE CLOSE IN TO
THE BLACK HOLE AND THE NATURE OF
BLACK HOLE SPACE GETTING SLOWER
AND SLOWER AND THE EVENT IS
RIGHT WHERE IT SLOW DOWNS A
STOP.
STAND STILL.
SO IF YOU ARE THERE.
YOU MAY THINK IT IS GOING
QUICKLY AND AS FAR AS ANYONE
DISTANT FROM YOU IN THE SAFE IS
CONCERNED YOU ARE NOT DOING
ANYTHING AT ALL.
IT IS FROZEN.
SIGNAL YOU CAN PRODUCE GOES ANY
FURTHER.
THEY CANNOT COME OUT.
>> YOU DON'T THINK SO.
THE TIME DIFFERENCE WHEN IT
COMES TO BLACK HOMES.
>> WELL, OK.
ANOTHER QUESTION FROM FACEBOOK.
ERIC LAMONT ASKS A DEPICTION OF
BLACK HOLES ACCURATE WITH REGARD
TO HOLLY HOW IT ACTUALLY LOOK
MOOSE YES.
AND WE SHOULD REMIND EVERYBODY
THAT I WAS DONE BY NONE OTHER
THAN GIB SO IT HAS TO BE
ACCURATE, OF COURSE.
MAYBE THE BLACK HOLE VIDEOS THAT
WE SEE IN THE SCREEN.
>> SURE.
SURE.
WELL, THAT IS DEPICTION WAS
ACTUALLY VERY, VERY REALISTIC
AND A LOT OF TROUBLE OF TAKING
IT IN FACT I WROTE A BOOK ABOUT
HOW THEY TOOK PAINS OVER THE
SIGNS TO GET IT WORKING RIGHT
AND WE DO LOVELY PRODUCED VIDEOS
THAT GO AND GIVE YOU A FLY BY OF
THE WHAT IT LOOKS FLUKE ARE KIND
OF GETTING OR SEEING THIS DISK
AROUND A BLACK HOLE THROUGH
DIFFERENT ANGLES SO NOT JUST ONE
ANGLE AND LOOKING AND YOU CAN
SEE THE WHOLE THING FLOWING AND
AND THE IMAGES DISTORTED
DIFFERENTLY AS YOU PASS ABOVE
AND BELOW THE PLAIN SO NOW WE'RE
KIND OF, WE ARE FACE ON AND NOW
WE'RE KIND OF GOING DOWN TO EDGE
ON AND FACE ON AGAIN.
WE ARE WERE ABLE TO DO THIS
TOGETHER.
>> WHICH WE GOT MORE QUESTIONS
COMING UP LATER IN THE SHOW.
YOU AT HOME, KEEP SENDING IN THE
QUESTIONS USING THE #ASKNASA.
WE TALKED ABOUT WHAT BLACK HOLES
ARE.
SO LET'S GET INTO WHAT THEY ARE
NOT.
I WANT TO ADDRESS THE COMMON
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT BLACK HOLES
AND TRUST ME I CANNOT DO THIS
WITHOUT YOU BERNARD AND SIBASISH
I HONESTLY DO IS THEY ARE GIANT
VACUUM CLEANERS IN SPACE SUCK
EVERYTHING UP.
THAT IS NOT TRUE.
>> THAT IS NOT TRUE.
IF YOU THINK OF ART BEING
SQUEEZED TO THIS VOLUME, IT
WOULD BECOME A BLACK HOLE.
AND THE AREA OF THIS ONE
COMPARED TO THE ART IS SO SMALL
THAT HEAD ON BEING INTO IT.
WHAT HAPPENS IF BLACK HOLE TENDS
TO HAVE A GRAVITY AND THE SAME
AS OTHER OBJECTS.
SO WHAT HAPPENS FALLING INTO IT
AND FORM A DISK AROUND IT.
IT GRADUALLY LOSSES MOMENTUM AND
GRADUALLY FALLS DOESN'T AND TO
GIVE NUMBERS LIKE$1BILLION.
$1BILLION BLACK HOLES LIKE THE
SUN.
AND THE MATTER OF THE RITE OF
SAY ONE AM OF THE SUN PER YEAR
SO AGGRESSION IS SLOW SO NOTE IT
A VACUUM LEAN CLEANER.
WHEN YOU SAY ACCRETION YOU SAY
THE MAT ARE WE ARE SEEING INTO
THE ACTIONS AROUND.
>> YEAH.
THE SURROUNDED SO THE MATTER
FALLS IN SLOWLY BY USING
MOMENTUM OF EVERY SPACE AND
TRANSFERRING AND OUTWARD AND IT
GOES GRADUALLY INTO IT AND JUST
FALLS INTO THE BLACK HOLE AND
THE BLACK HOLE MATTER IN CREASES
AND IT CLOSES BUT IT IS VERY,
VERY SLOW.
ENERGY EFFICIENT PROCESS.
>> ALL RIGHT.
WELL, WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF SAY I
STUMBLED IN A BLACK HOLE AND
FELL IN?
>> WOULD YOU BE WOULD BE DEAD
OBVIOUSLY THE WAY IN WHICH WOULD
YOU BE THAT YOU WOULD BE
STRETCHED.
SO THE BLACK HOLES GET CLOSE AND
ENORMOUS TITLE FORCES AND MEANS
THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
BODIES DIFFERENT AND GOING FEET
IN.
THEN YOUR FEET ARE GOING TO
APPEAR OR EXPERIENCE GREATER
ACCELERATING AND STRETCH YOU OUT
LAKE NOODLE.
>> YEAH.
YEAH.
>> SO SOMETHING YOU DO
VOLUNTARILY.
OK.
LET'S MOVE ON TO ASK NASA WHERE
WE ARE ANSWERING YOUR QUESTIONS
FROM MOMENT.
ARE HOME.
LET'S SEE WHAT THE WORLDWIDE
WINS STIRRING UP NOW.
ALL RIGHT.
WE HAVE JUAN ON FACEBOOK ASKING
WHAT WILL BE ON THE OTHER SIDE
OF THE BLACK HOLE?
>> NO.
IT BREAKS DOWN BEYOND THE RADIUS
THAT YOU CAN THINK OF SO WE
DON'T KNOW WHAT IS SIGNED OF A
BLACK HOLE.
WE DON'T KNOW.
>> WE MAY NEVER KNOW.
AND SO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF
BLACK HOLES IS A CLASSICAL
SERIES.
WE KNOW WE WANT TO ANSWER THESE
QUESTIONS YOU HAVE TO HAVE A
SHEET THAT INVOLVES GENERAL
ACTIVITY, AND KINETIC PUT
TOGETHER AND IF WE GET THAT
PERHAPS WE'LL UNDERSTAND BIT
MORE OF WHAT COULD BE ON THE
OTHER SIDE.
>> HAVE YOUR WORK CUT OUT FOR.
YOU YEAH.
ALL RIGHT.
RANDY VALDEZ ON FACEBOOK SAYING
MY FOUR-YEAR-OLD IS ASKING HAVE
WE SENT ANYTHING IN A BLACK
HOLE?
>> NO NOT YET.
>> WOULD WE LIKE TO?
SURE.
THE NEAREST BLACK HOLES ARE
SOMEHOW THOUSANDS OF LIGHT-YEARS
FROM US.
IF I AM CORRECT,
SO SENDING SOMETHING IS MORE
THAN THAT.
THAT AMOUNT OF TIME.
BUT CUE GET DISK OR SOMETHING.
YOU COULD GET FINDS OUT OF IT.
BUT THE SPACECRAFT IS NOT GOING
TO COME BACK AGAIN.
IF IT FALLS IN THEN WE'RE HOT
GETTING.
YEAH.
WE NEED BETTER PROPULSION
TECHNOLOGY.
FUTURE SPACE ON TWIT ARE IS
ASKING HOW DOES A BLACK HOLE
BEGIN?
HOW DOES IT END?
THAT IS A GOOD QUO.
OH.
OK.
YEAH.
OH A.
BLACK HOLES DEPEND ON THOSE
SIZES.
BLACK HOLES WE ENCOUNTERED OFTEN
ARE IN THE POINT OF A LIFETIME
SO A STAR HAS SPENT ALL THE
ACTIVE LIFE FUEL AND GRAVITY
PULLING BACK IN.
AND WHEN THE FEEL RUNS OUT.
THE GRAVITY STARTS WINNING THAN
THE WHOLE THING COLLAPSE AND
LARGE START TO BEGIN WITH AND
COLLAPSE THEN YOU END UP WITH A
BLACK HOLE AT IN THE OF IT.
THAT IS HOW BLACK HOLE STARTS.
OK.
STELLAR BLACK HOLE.
LARGER ONES CONFORM WITHOUT
HAVING A STAR.
LOTS OF MATTER PULLS INTO ONE
PLACE.
>> STILL WE ARE TRYING TO FEN
HOUT THEY FORM AND HOW THEY GO
INTO THE GALAXIES TO SO STILL A
BIG BIG QUESTION.
>> AS FOR THE OTHER PART.
HAS IN THE OF AS FAR AS WE KNOW
DON'T END.
BACK HOLES ARE FORMED AND ONLY
CAN GET BARNING ABOUT EARN
BIGGER.
NOW IF YOU DID HAVE PROPER
GRAVITY WE MAY KNOW HOW THEY
COULD ACTUALLY EVAPORATE AWAY.
THIS IS SOMETHING STEPHEN
HAWKING CAME UP WITH IN THE
PAST.
IT IS CALLED TALK RADIATION AND
MAY BE SMALL BLACK HOLES TO
EVAPORATE ANDS DID PAIR BUT WE
HAVE NOT VALIDATED THAT YET.
IT IS STILL NOT.
>> AGAIN.
MORE QUESTIONS TO COME A LITTLE
LATER IN THE SHOW.
SO KEEP SENDING THEM IN USING
THE HASHTAG ASK SPACE OR
COMMENDING IN THIS STREET
WHEREVER YOU ARE WATCHING THIS.
ALL RIGHT.
WE HAVE LEARN AID LOT ABOUT
BLACK HOLES.
BUT HOW DO WE EVEN KNOW WHAT WE
KNOW ABOUT THEM?
IT TURNS OUT, THAT NASA HAS LOTS
OF MISSIONS THAT STUDY THEM ONE
OF THEM CALLED SOPHIA IS A
TELESCOPE THAT IS IN AIRPLANE AT
30.000FEET.
STUDYING INFRARED LIGHT FROM
COLD AND DISTANT REGIONS OF THE
UNIVERSE INCLUDING MATTER AROUND
BLACK HOLES WHILE SOPHIA CANNOT
DIRECTLY CAN UNCOVER BY STUDYING
MATERIALS AROUND THEM.
MAKE SENSE?
YEAH.
LET'S TAKE CLOSER LOOK.
>> WE'RE HERE AT THE ARMSTRONG
PALMDALE FACILITY WHICH FLIES
AIRPLANES FORECAST?
AND BEHIND ME IS SOPHIA IT IS
747 AIRCRAFT AND PUT A TELESCOPE
INSIDE OF.
WE FLY INTO THE STRATOSPHERE
ABOUT MOST OF THE WATER VAB SO
WE GET A CLEAR VIEW OF THE
UNIVERSE IN THE NER AND FAR
INFRARED.
THINGS YOU HAVE TO GO INTO SPACE
TO DO OTHERWISE.
SO WE'RE ONLY NOW IN THE FIFTH
YEAR.
AND THE BEST OBSERVATORY IN THE
MID AND FAR REGION.
OK.
THEY ARE GETTING READY FOR
FLIGHT BUT LET'S GO OUT.
>> HOW WE ARE INSIDE OF THE
OBSERVATORY AND THE MOST
IMPORTANT ASPECT IN THE
TELESCOPE AND WHICH IS WAY IN
THE BACK THERE.
THAT'S WHY THEY ARE ALL FACING
THAT DIRECTION.
AND SO WE CAN LOOK AT THE
TELESCOPE TO MAKE SURE
EVERYTHING IS ALL RIGHT.
LET'S GO UP TO TALK ACTUALLY
TAKE A LOOK AT THE TELESCOPE
THIS IS THE SOPHIA TELESCOPE
ACTUALLY THE BACK SIDE OF THE
TELESCOPE.
IT IS HERE IN THE CAVITY AND THE
REAL TELESCOPE THE MIRROR IS ON
THE OTHER SIDE OF THAT WHITE
BULKHEAD AND ONE OF THENGS THIS
THAT WE REALLY HAVE DEAN REALLY
GOOD JOB WITH ON SOPHIA IS
STUDYING THE RADIATION THAT IS
AROUND OUR BLACK HOLE THAT IS IN
THE CENTER OF THE MILKY WAY AND
4MILLION BLACK HOLE AND WE
DON'T ACTUALLY STUDY THE BLACK
HOLE AND WE STUDY THE MATERIAL
AROUND THE BLACK HOLE.
A BLACK HOLE GOES INTO IT AND
THE LIGHT GUESS IN SO YOU NEVER
CAN SEE THE LIGHT INTO THE BLACK
HOLE.
YOU CAN SEE FALLING TON THE
BLACK HOLE AND WE WILL HAVE
OBSERVED IT WITH FOUR
INSTRUMENTANCE THE BEST PICTURE
OF WHAT IS HAPPENING GOING INTO
OUR MASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
AND INCLUDING MOST RECENTLY,
MEASUREMENTS OF THE MAGNETIC
FIELD THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE MATERIAL THAT IS FALLING ON
TO THE BLACK HOLE.
AND ONLY DONE WITH SOPHIA.
♪
>> THANK YOU.
I HOPE YOU HAVE COMFORTABLE
FLIGHT.
SOPHIA IS ONE OF THE MISSIONS
THAT STUDIES BLACK HOLES.
BUT THERE ARE MANY WAYS WE
OBSERVE THE TECHS OF THE
MYSTERIOUS OBJECTS.
I AM COMING BAG TO.
OTHER THAN SOPHIA HOW IS MASSES
SA STUDYING.
NASA IS STUDYING WITH LOTS OF
MISSIONS.
MISSIONS SUCH AS HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE AND DONE A LOT OF WORK
ON THAT PHYSICS OF THE MASSIVE
BLACK HOLES AND THE MASS BLACK
HOLES THE WINGS COMING FROM THAT
CUSHION AND HOW TO GIVE FEEDBACK
AND NOT ONLY THAT MORE MISSIONS
LIKE NEW STARS AND SWIFT AND HOW
NASA MISSIONS HAVE DONE RAN
DOING A GREAT JOB IN
UNDERSTANDING THIS HE NATURE OF
THE BLACK HOLES AND THREE TO
GUFF INFORMATION, TODAY IS THE
15th ANDS HAVE ROUGH THE
NASA SWIFT MISSION STUDYING
BLACK HOLE AND TODAY AND I AM
COMMISSION MEMBER AND IT MAKE
MESS PROUD THAT WE ARE STILL
TRYING TO INVESTIGATE MORE TO
BLACK HOLES.
WELL CONGRATS. THANK YOU.
HERE IS 15 MORE YEARS.
YEAH.
I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW CAN BLACK
HOLES TWO DIFFERENT BLACK HOLES
AND GALAXIES MERGE INTO ONE.
THAT IS POSSIBLE.
WE THINK IT IS HAPPENING ALL THE
TIME EXCEPT SLOWLY AND GALAXIES
MERGE EVENTUALLY AND LONG TIME
FROM OUR OWN MILKY WAY AND DROP
WITH THE GALAXY AND ANTICIPATE
OF THEM HAS SUPERMASSIVE BLACK
HOLE IN THIS CENTER AND
EVENTUALLY AFTER BILLIONS OF
YEARS THEY END UP IN THE KIND OF
ORBIT AROUND EACH OTHER AND WHEN
THAT HAP THEY ARE GOING TO
GRADUALLY CONTRACT AND MERGE
BECAUSE THE WHOLE SYSTEM
IT MAY HELP.
OK.
GRAVITATIONAL WAYS ARE RIPPLES
OF SPACE TIME ITSELF AND LIKE IT
COULD BE WORKED BY SINGLE OBJECT
AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY CAUSE
LITTLE RIPPLE AND CAUSE OVER
MASSIVE OBJECTS AND ACCELERATED
THROUGH SPACE TIME AND HERE THIS
DEMONSTRATION WE HAVE GOT A TUB
OF YELLOW IS ACTING LIKE SPACE
TIME HERE AND THE LATER SHINING
THROUGH.
HAN PEN WHEN YOU DISTURB THIS BY
DROPPING THIS MASS HERE AND LIKE
A SECOND BLACK HOLE AND THE HOLE
MAKING THE JELLO WOBBLE LIKE
SPACE TIME AND THEN AS IT DOES
THAT.
THEN THE LASER BEAM FINES AND
GETS DEFLECTED AND GETS
DISTORTED AND WE HAVE YOU IN
STREW AM THAT COULD DETECT VERY,
VERY SMALL CHANGES AND THAT
TELLS YOU, ABOUT THE PROVISIONAL
WAYS THAT WENT THROUGH SPACE
TIME.
THIS BASICALLY HOW WE ARE ABLE
TO DETECT PREVISIONAL WAYS.
>> OH.
FASCINATING.
DELICIOUS.
>> IF YOU AT HEM WANT TO LEARN
MORE ABOUT THIS DEMONSTRATION OR
USE IT YOURSELF, VISIT GO.NASA.
ALL RIGHT GOT BACK TO THE
QUESTIONS ON THE INTERWEB.
ALL RIGHT.
DO WE HAVE CORAL ON YOUTUBE
ASKING CAN ANY OLD STAR OR
PLANET BECOME A BLACK HOLE?
>> A FORMER BLACK HOLE OF
COURSE.
S THAT YOU HOW THE BLACK HOLE
PERFORMS AND RUNS OUT OF THE
FUSION FUEL AND COLLAPSES AND
THEN MA CHANGES ACTUALLY TRIED
TO CALL THEM LIKE PURCHASE SHEER
AND WHEN IT IS STAGE LIKE THIS.
AND PRESSURE ON THE STAR BUT THE
STAR IS MASSIVE ENOUGH THAT NONE
OF THESE FORCES ACTUALLY CAN
HOLD THE GRAVITATIONAL EFFECT.
AND IT COLLAPSES AND THEY ARE
FORMED.
SO IT IS KIND OF THEIR STRUCTURE
IS ALREADY FORMED SO PLANET
FORMING BLACK HOLES NOT
POSSIBLE.
OK.
NOT GOING TO HAPPEN AGAIN.
OK.
EARTH WON'T BE TURNING INTO A
BLACK HOLE.
NO.
EVEN THEN.
EVEN THE STAR COLLAPSED FORMER
BLACK HOLE STARTED TO BE BIG AND
KIND OF THAT FORMATION IS GOING
TO BE INEFFICIENT AND PRODUCE
FIVE FOOT ON THE BLACK HOLE AND
LIKE A STAR.
BECAUSE THE COLLAPSE HAPPENS THE
CENTER IT BECOMES A BLACK HOLE
AND GET A SHOUT-OUT.
>> GIVE IT.
OK.
ALL RIGHT.
OK.
THERE IS ANY ESTIMATE IN THE
NUMBER OF BLACK HOLES IN THE
SINGLE GALAXY?
>> NO.
YEAH.
IT CAN VARY DEFENDING ON THE
GALAXIES.
AND THERE ARE ALSO LIKE DEPENDS
ON HOW THE GALAXY IS AND GALAXY
AND SO AGAIN, IT COULD BE
ANYTHING.
AND THE BLACK HOLE AND AT THE
HOUSE.
YEAH.
COMES CAN OUT OF IT.
YOU CAN SEE BEHIND.
I THAT IS A LITTLE BIT
GRAVITATIONAL LENS WE TALK ABOUT
HER TO GREAT PICTURES AND THE
SECRETION DISK AND YOU SEE THIS
PICTURE AND YOU SEE BEHIND THE
BACK HOLE AT THE SAME TIME.
DISTORT IT AND BEND AROUND IT IS
REALLY WEIRD SO NOT SEEING THE
BLACK HOLE AND SEEING THE BLACK
LO IN THE BLACK DROP.
>> FASCINATING STUFF I, WE COULD
TALK MORE.
BERNARD, AND THANKS SO MUCH FOR
JOINING US.
THANKS.
THANK YOU.
I COULD NOT HAVE DONE THIS
WITHOUT ASTROPHYSICS.
DO YOU AT HOME CREATE MORE BLACK
HOLES?
OF COURSE DO YOU.
HEAD ON OVER TO NASA.GOV/BLACK
HOLES TO SEE THAT BEAST.
IF YOU ARE ABSOLUTELY OBSESSED
WITH BLACK HOLE LOOKS ME THEN
LIKELY FOR USES THERE IS ANOTHER
OPPORTUNITY TO GET SUCKED IN.
THIS BLACK FRIDAY WHILE YOU ARE
BEING BOTH BY STRANGERS AND
FILING A TODDLER FOR THE LAST
DOOR-BUSTER DEAL CONSIDER THAT
NASA BLACK HOLE FRIDAY.
MORE SCIENCEY VERSION OF THE
POST THANKSGIVING HYSTERIA.
JUST VISIT US ON FACEBOOK,
TWITTER, INSTAGRAM AND YOU KNOW
HOW IT WORKS TO GET SUCKED INTO
A SMORGASBORD.
UNTIL NEXT TIME, I AM YOUR HOSTS
SCOTT BERNARD THANKS SO MUCH FOR
FOR WATCHING NASA SCIENCE LIVE.