[Upbeat Music]
Narrator: Where are you right now?
Or better yet, how do you know where you are?
Most likely you are using an app that is using a GPS
to pinpoint where exactly you are on Earth.
But what you might not know is that behind your favorite navigation
app is an invisible
infrastructure of systems working together to provide you an accurate location,
and that the foundation of these systems is a TRF
or terrestrial reference frame.
Dr. Stephen Merkowitz: So reference frame is fundamental
to any kind of mapping, location, positioning, navigation application.
Narrator: That's Dr. Stephen Merkowitz, NASA's Space Geodesy Project Manager
Simply put, geodesy is the science
of measuring and understanding the shape of the Earth,
its orientation in space and gravity, and how they change over time.
Dr. Stephen Merkowitz: Earth is constantly changing shape, and the land masses are constantly moving.
It's at small levels, so it's not something you would feel, you know, yourself.
So we're constantly measuring
what's happening with the Earth as a whole and the Earth's surface.
Narrator: To do this, NASA and international partners monitor measurement
stations dotted across the globe that help us determine where,
how much and in which direction our planet is changing.
Dr. Stephen Merkowitz: Since the Earth's surface is always moving, any measurement
isn't just in a fixed coordinate system.
It needs to take into account
the fact that it's related
to the landmass and where that landmass is at any given time.
Narrator: And just like a coordinate system plotted on a piece of paper,
the TRF has an origin or in this case, the center mass of the
Earth - called the geocenter.
Because of this, many Earth observing satellites
orbit around the center mass of the Earth, not the Earth's geographic center.
So it's critical for scientists to pinpoint where that is
to make sure our Earth observations are accurate.
Dr. Stephen Merkowitz: One complication is that the center mass of the Earth
is constantly changing over time
with respect to the Earth's surface.
Narrator: Earthquakes, volcanoes, or even atmospheric pressure changes all impact
where exactly the center mass of the Earth is.
But by using a network of ground stations equipped with telescopes and lasers
that fire pulses at specific satellites, scientists can calculate
where the geocenter of the Earth is at any given time to a few millimeters.
Dr. Stephen Merkowitz: This is a very important product that we generate for orbiting satellites,
particularly for missions
that are either doing mapping the gravitational field of the Earth or
mapping the height of the Earth's surface, whether it be land, vegetation,
or sea level.
We make that available to the public,
we use the data there to generate a higher level
of products, geodetic products, that can be used by NASA missions
for many scientific applications.
Since this is a global measurement, NASA can't do it alone.
We rely on the global community to
provide all the data that's needed to provide global coverage.
Narrator: Having an agreed
upon international system is what makes measuring our planet possible,
whether it be from land, sea, air, or even space.