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[ music ]

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>> Hello and welcome

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to the 15th edition

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of International Observe

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the Moon Night.

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This is a day each year that

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we invite everyone on Earth

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to observe the moon,

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learn about the moon,

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and celebrate the moon

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in our arts and culture.

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Hi, I'm James Tralie.

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I'm a producer

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at NASA Goddard.

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>> Hi, I'm Andrea Jones,

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and I am the public

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engagement lead

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of the Solar System

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Exploration Division

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here at NASA Goddard.

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And I'm also the director

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of International

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Observe the Moon Night.

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So we are so excited

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that you are observing

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the moon right now

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with about a million people

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around the world.

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On all seven continents

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people are observing with you.

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We're so glad

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that you're here.

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And wherever

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you're joining us from,

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we'd love for you

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to show us where you are

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and how you

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are observing the moon,

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so you can share that with us

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and with people

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around the world

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using the hashtag

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#Observe the Moon

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on your favorite

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social media platform,

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and you can share us photos

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with us through

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the Flickr group as well,

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linked through our website.

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moon.nasa.gov/observe.

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And there we have

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lots more program information

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and resources as well.

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>> Yeah, so International

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Observe the Moon Night

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is an annual event that

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occurs usually in September

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or October,

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when the moon is around

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the first quarter.

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This is a great phase

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for evening observing

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with dramatic shadows

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along the terminator.

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And here's how some of

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our friends around the world

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are observing the moon.

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[ indistinct chatter ]

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[ speaking foreign language ]

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[ speaking foreign language ]

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[ speaking foreign language ]

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[ speaking foreign language ]

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[ speaking foreign language ]

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[ speaking foreign language ]

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>> Hi, I'm Matt, here at

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the South Pole Telescope

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celebrating the moon,

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[ speaking foreign language ]

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>> I'm focusing on the moon

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because humans will be

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expanding their area of activity

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in the near future.

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>> Hello, everyone!

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We are [ indistinct ]

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from South Africa.

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>> And we are so excited

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to be celebrating

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the International Observe

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the Moon Night with--

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>> All: NASA!

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>> Hi, I'm NASA astronaut

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Tracy Dyson,

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orbiting 260 miles

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above the Earth

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aboard the International

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Space Station.

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Tonight is time

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to come together

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to appreciate and observe

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our shared moon.

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We are blessed on the ISS

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to be able to observe

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the moon from space,

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being situated over

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the Earth's atmosphere.

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It's quite a sight to behold.

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The effect of the moon

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is most dramatic for us

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over large bodies of water.

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When the moon is full,

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it illuminates

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the whole surface

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of the Earth,

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and the ocean glistens

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with a beautiful soft glow.

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Contrast that

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with the new moon,

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and the oceans are as black

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as a starless universe.

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It's almost as if

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the Earth disappears.

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It's crazy.

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Wherever the moon is

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in its phase,

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when spotted,

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you can hear someone

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say from the cupola,

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"come look at this moon."

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So my crewmates and I

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are excited

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to contribute to work

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that is a stepping stone toward

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NASA's return to the moon

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through the Artemis program.

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Stay curious

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and keep looking up.

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>> Yes, so you just saw

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how folks around the world

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are observing the moon.

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But Andrea, do you have any tips

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for people to observe the moon

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first with a telescope

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if they have one?

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>> Sure. So if you're

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fortunate enough to have

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access to a telescope,

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there are some

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wonderful features

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to look for.

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We have moon maps

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that have lots of feature--

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features identified.

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But something you might

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want to try is looking

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along the terminator,

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the line between day

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and night on the moon.

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It's the dawn and dusk line,

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just like here on Earth.

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And that's where the shadows

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are the longest.

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And so you can really see that

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rugged lunar terrain pop out.

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>> It's really special

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to be able to do that.

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Definitely encourage you

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if you have a telescope,

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but if you don't

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have a telescope,

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you can still participate

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with the naked eye.

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What are some things

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you can look for

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if you're just looking

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at the moon?

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>> Absolutely.

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So if you're looking up,

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and you see those dark areas

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and those light areas,

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those are the two

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major types of rocks

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that we find on the moon.

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The highlands,

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the lunar highlands,

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the ancient rock,

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they're kind of bright.

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And the mare,

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these floods of basalt

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are darker.

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So those are two things

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you'll definitely see.

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You might see some crater rays.

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Tycho crater is visible,

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and you can see some rays

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emanating from this--

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this little crater

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that's fairly fresh.

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And we know it's fairly fresh

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because of those bright rays.

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If you're not able

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to go outside to observe,

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you also can

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do different things.

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So right now you're

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watching this broadcast.

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Of course, we also have

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telescope feeds

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from around the world

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on our website,

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on our live streams page.

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And you can really

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be creative.

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This is a moment that

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we're excited to have

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traditional observing,

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but there's also the opportunity

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to feel the moon,

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with 3D prints

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of the lunar surface.

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You can taste the moon

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a little bit.

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You could make, you know,

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moon phases out of

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chocolate sandwich cookies

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and try that out.

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You can listen to the moon.

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There's lots of moon songs.

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Lots-- there's actually

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some lunar data

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that's sonified

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that you can listen

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to lunar data,

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or you can, you know,

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listen to your

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favorite moon songs

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or moon movies

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or moon stories.

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This is a time to celebrate

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the moon in arts and culture.

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And we really

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encourage people

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to be creative

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with how they're

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observing the moon today.

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>> So to learn more

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about how to observe

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our moon,

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we're joined by NASA

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data visualizer Ernie Wright.

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How's it going, Ernie?

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Thanks so much for joining us.

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>> It's going great.

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I am very happy to be here.

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>> Always good to bring you in

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for nights like these

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when we're looking at

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our nearest celestial neighbor,

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the moon.

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What gets you excited

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about looking at our moon?

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>> Well, I mean,

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International Observe

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the Moon Night

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is this time for everybody

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to observe together.

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But I always think

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it's a good time to go out

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and look at the moon.

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I enjoy watching

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the phases change.

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It's like having a calendar

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in the sky.

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And I also enjoy,

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because I have telescopes

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and I'm an amateur astronomer,

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I enjoy watching

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the terrain change

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as the shadows

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play across it.

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>> So this event always occurs

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when we have a near

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first quarter moon.

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It's a little bit

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of a bigger phase this year.

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So what are you going

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to be looking for tonight?

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>> Yeah. So it's

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a waxing gibbous phase,

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which allows us to see

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some things in the western

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half of the moon

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that we normally don't see

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during this event.

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I'll be looking

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for Aristarchus plateau,

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which is right

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on the terminator,

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that day/night line.

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Because that throws,

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a lot of the terrain

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right there into relief.

302
00:07:09,729 --> 00:07:10,763
Aristarchus plateau

303
00:07:10,830 --> 00:07:11,798
is this sort of

304
00:07:11,864 --> 00:07:12,732
diamond shaped

305
00:07:12,799 --> 00:07:14,233
volcanic feature

306
00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:15,701
that's lifted up above

307
00:07:15,768 --> 00:07:16,836
the rest of the surface.

308
00:07:16,903 --> 00:07:18,137
And you can really tell that

309
00:07:18,204 --> 00:07:20,072
when the shadows are long

310
00:07:20,139 --> 00:07:21,440
the way they are.

311
00:07:21,507 --> 00:07:22,842
You'll also be able to see

312
00:07:22,909 --> 00:07:24,777
more of Copernicus crater,

313
00:07:24,844 --> 00:07:25,845
which is in

314
00:07:25,912 --> 00:07:26,712
the middle of a mare,

315
00:07:26,779 --> 00:07:27,680
but it's very bright,

316
00:07:27,747 --> 00:07:28,981
and it has all these rays,

317
00:07:29,048 --> 00:07:30,883
all these ejecta rays.

318
00:07:30,950 --> 00:07:32,585
Just imagine the explosion

319
00:07:32,652 --> 00:07:33,319
that happened

320
00:07:33,386 --> 00:07:35,254
when that crater was formed

321
00:07:35,321 --> 00:07:36,355
to throw stuff out

322
00:07:36,422 --> 00:07:37,456
hundreds of kilometers

323
00:07:37,523 --> 00:07:38,524
in every direction.

324
00:07:38,591 --> 00:07:40,693
>> So, Ernie, today is a day

325
00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:41,627
that a lot of people

326
00:07:41,694 --> 00:07:44,096
will be maybe taking time

327
00:07:44,163 --> 00:07:44,831
to observe the moon,

328
00:07:44,897 --> 00:07:45,932
who knows,

329
00:07:45,998 --> 00:07:46,732
perhaps for the first time,

330
00:07:46,799 --> 00:07:47,867
like, really paying attention

331
00:07:47,934 --> 00:07:48,901
to the moon at all.

332
00:07:48,968 --> 00:07:50,203
And a lot of people

333
00:07:50,269 --> 00:07:51,304
are going to be looking

334
00:07:51,370 --> 00:07:52,271
through a telescope

335
00:07:52,338 --> 00:07:53,673
for the first time.

336
00:07:53,739 --> 00:07:54,340
We know that a lot

337
00:07:54,407 --> 00:07:55,908
of people do that today.

338
00:07:55,975 --> 00:07:57,810
So if you haven't

339
00:07:57,877 --> 00:07:59,011
been paying attention

340
00:07:59,078 --> 00:08:00,046
to this amazing,

341
00:08:00,112 --> 00:08:01,714
beautiful world near us,

342
00:08:01,781 --> 00:08:02,715
what are some things

343
00:08:02,782 --> 00:08:03,816
that we should look for.

344
00:08:03,883 --> 00:08:05,284
you know, just out

345
00:08:05,351 --> 00:08:06,085
in our backyards?

346
00:08:06,152 --> 00:08:07,153
And then can you talk

347
00:08:07,220 --> 00:08:07,787
a little bit about

348
00:08:07,854 --> 00:08:08,588
what that experience

349
00:08:08,654 --> 00:08:09,755
might be like to look

350
00:08:09,822 --> 00:08:11,257
through a telescope?

351
00:08:11,324 --> 00:08:12,158
>> Through a telescope,

352
00:08:12,225 --> 00:08:13,759
I think it will surprise

353
00:08:13,826 --> 00:08:14,560
a lot of people

354
00:08:14,627 --> 00:08:16,329
how amazing that view is.

355
00:08:16,395 --> 00:08:17,463
When my kids

356
00:08:17,530 --> 00:08:18,197
were in second grade,

357
00:08:18,264 --> 00:08:19,365
I would take a telescope up

358
00:08:19,432 --> 00:08:20,199
to the elementary school

359
00:08:20,266 --> 00:08:21,334
during the day.

360
00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:22,735
Because the third quarter moon

361
00:08:22,802 --> 00:08:24,337
is visible in the western sky

362
00:08:24,403 --> 00:08:25,972
and all the kids

363
00:08:26,038 --> 00:08:26,906
would sort of line up

364
00:08:26,973 --> 00:08:27,773
and look through.

365
00:08:27,840 --> 00:08:29,375
It's a little difficult

366
00:08:29,442 --> 00:08:30,509
to sort of aim your eye

367
00:08:30,576 --> 00:08:31,444
right down the barrel

368
00:08:31,510 --> 00:08:32,245
of the eyepiece,

369
00:08:32,311 --> 00:08:32,912
so you may not see

370
00:08:32,979 --> 00:08:34,046
something right away.

371
00:08:34,113 --> 00:08:35,381
But I could always tell

372
00:08:35,448 --> 00:08:36,048
when the kids

373
00:08:36,115 --> 00:08:37,884
actually got lined up and saw,

374
00:08:37,950 --> 00:08:38,751
it because they'd all go...

375
00:08:38,818 --> 00:08:39,619
[ gasping ]

376
00:08:39,685 --> 00:08:41,220
They would make faces,

377
00:08:41,287 --> 00:08:42,054
they would gasp,

378
00:08:42,121 --> 00:08:42,889
they would get excited.

379
00:08:42,955 --> 00:08:43,456
They would start jumping

380
00:08:43,522 --> 00:08:44,290
up and down.

381
00:08:44,357 --> 00:08:46,158
So I think even the grown ups

382
00:08:46,225 --> 00:08:46,993
will jump up and down

383
00:08:47,059 --> 00:08:47,727
on the inside

384
00:08:47,793 --> 00:08:48,628
when they look

385
00:08:48,694 --> 00:08:49,362
through a telescope

386
00:08:49,428 --> 00:08:50,229
for the first time

387
00:08:50,296 --> 00:08:51,063
at the moon

388
00:08:51,130 --> 00:08:52,965
and see how complicated

389
00:08:53,032 --> 00:08:54,433
and uniquely beautiful

390
00:08:54,500 --> 00:08:55,668
that surface is.

391
00:08:55,735 --> 00:08:57,036
>> And we want to hear about

392
00:08:57,103 --> 00:08:58,170
your first experience.

393
00:08:58,237 --> 00:08:59,338
If this is your first time

394
00:08:59,405 --> 00:09:00,139
looking through a telescope.

395
00:09:00,206 --> 00:09:01,140
Be sure to share

396
00:09:01,207 --> 00:09:02,108
that experience with us

397
00:09:02,174 --> 00:09:03,075
using that hashtag,

398
00:09:03,142 --> 00:09:04,076
#Observethemoon.

399
00:09:04,143 --> 00:09:04,911
And while we observe

400
00:09:04,977 --> 00:09:06,045
our nearest celestial neighbor

401
00:09:06,112 --> 00:09:06,913
here from Earth,

402
00:09:06,979 --> 00:09:07,980
we actually have one mission

403
00:09:08,047 --> 00:09:08,714
up in space

404
00:09:08,781 --> 00:09:09,782
getting an even closer look

405
00:09:09,849 --> 00:09:11,984
at the moon.

406
00:09:12,051 --> 00:09:13,953
>> Since its launch in 2009,

407
00:09:14,020 --> 00:09:14,754
NASA's Lunar

408
00:09:14,820 --> 00:09:15,955
Reconnaissance Orbiter

409
00:09:16,022 --> 00:09:16,756
has been gathering

410
00:09:16,822 --> 00:09:17,924
incredible amounts of data

411
00:09:17,990 --> 00:09:19,025
about the moon.

412
00:09:19,091 --> 00:09:20,559
This information has led to

413
00:09:20,626 --> 00:09:22,094
many scientific discoveries

414
00:09:22,161 --> 00:09:23,596
shedding light on the moon's

415
00:09:23,663 --> 00:09:25,064
history, composition,

416
00:09:25,131 --> 00:09:25,898
and potential

417
00:09:25,965 --> 00:09:28,267
for future exploration.

418
00:09:28,334 --> 00:09:29,568
One of the most heavily used

419
00:09:29,635 --> 00:09:30,836
instruments on LRO

420
00:09:30,903 --> 00:09:31,938
is its high resolution

421
00:09:32,004 --> 00:09:33,005
camera system,

422
00:09:33,072 --> 00:09:34,307
which is able to capture

423
00:09:34,373 --> 00:09:35,875
incredibly detailed images

424
00:09:35,942 --> 00:09:37,610
of the lunar surface.

425
00:09:37,677 --> 00:09:39,478
By analyzing these images,

426
00:09:39,545 --> 00:09:40,713
scientists have been able

427
00:09:40,780 --> 00:09:41,881
to gain new insights

428
00:09:41,948 --> 00:09:43,015
into the moon's geology

429
00:09:43,082 --> 00:09:46,085
and its evolution.

430
00:09:46,152 --> 00:09:47,286
For example,

431
00:09:47,353 --> 00:09:48,988
LRO has provided new data

432
00:09:49,055 --> 00:09:50,089
on how the lunar surface

433
00:09:50,156 --> 00:09:51,257
changes as a result

434
00:09:51,324 --> 00:09:52,091
of the formation

435
00:09:52,158 --> 00:09:53,626
of impact craters.

436
00:09:53,693 --> 00:09:54,593
During its years

437
00:09:54,660 --> 00:09:55,561
orbiting the moon.

438
00:09:55,628 --> 00:09:57,196
LRO's camera has captured

439
00:09:57,263 --> 00:09:58,130
the immediate results

440
00:09:58,197 --> 00:09:59,265
of meteorite impacts

441
00:09:59,332 --> 00:10:00,266
on the surface,

442
00:10:00,333 --> 00:10:01,801
such as scattered debris

443
00:10:01,867 --> 00:10:03,169
and ejecta patterns

444
00:10:03,235 --> 00:10:05,071
on the surface.

445
00:10:05,137 --> 00:10:06,305
And since the moon lacks

446
00:10:06,372 --> 00:10:07,406
an atmosphere,

447
00:10:07,473 --> 00:10:08,908
these newly formed craters

448
00:10:08,975 --> 00:10:09,675
remain essentially

449
00:10:09,742 --> 00:10:11,410
untouched over many years,

450
00:10:11,477 --> 00:10:12,378
allowing LRO

451
00:10:12,445 --> 00:10:13,612
to continuously measure

452
00:10:13,679 --> 00:10:15,915
and collect data on them.

453
00:10:15,982 --> 00:10:17,450
This means scientists

454
00:10:17,516 --> 00:10:18,417
can analyze a crater

455
00:10:18,484 --> 00:10:19,485
formed a year ago

456
00:10:19,552 --> 00:10:20,753
and use it to learn about

457
00:10:20,820 --> 00:10:21,620
craters that formed

458
00:10:21,687 --> 00:10:22,755
millions or billions

459
00:10:22,822 --> 00:10:23,956
of years in the past,

460
00:10:24,023 --> 00:10:25,191
giving us clues about

461
00:10:25,257 --> 00:10:27,994
the moon's geologic history.

462
00:10:28,060 --> 00:10:29,128
We can't replicate

463
00:10:29,195 --> 00:10:30,129
this type of study

464
00:10:30,196 --> 00:10:31,764
on Mars or on Earth,

465
00:10:31,831 --> 00:10:32,531
since atmospheric

466
00:10:32,598 --> 00:10:33,833
conditions like wind

467
00:10:33,899 --> 00:10:34,767
are rapidly changing

468
00:10:34,834 --> 00:10:36,068
the surface.

469
00:10:36,135 --> 00:10:37,670
The moon is therefore

470
00:10:37,737 --> 00:10:38,637
a unique environment

471
00:10:38,704 --> 00:10:39,472
for learning about

472
00:10:39,538 --> 00:10:42,141
our solar system.

473
00:10:42,208 --> 00:10:43,309
Another major focus

474
00:10:43,376 --> 00:10:44,477
of LRO's mission

475
00:10:44,543 --> 00:10:46,712
has been the moon's south pole.

476
00:10:46,779 --> 00:10:47,813
This region

477
00:10:47,880 --> 00:10:48,814
is of particular interest

478
00:10:48,881 --> 00:10:49,915
to scientists

479
00:10:49,982 --> 00:10:50,883
because of the detection

480
00:10:50,950 --> 00:10:51,851
of water,

481
00:10:51,917 --> 00:10:52,651
which will be

482
00:10:52,718 --> 00:10:53,519
a vital resource

483
00:10:53,586 --> 00:10:54,253
for future missions

484
00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:55,821
to the moon.

485
00:10:55,888 --> 00:10:57,490
The data LRO has collected

486
00:10:57,556 --> 00:10:58,557
allows scientists

487
00:10:58,624 --> 00:10:59,959
to create detailed maps

488
00:11:00,026 --> 00:11:01,027
of the South Pole,

489
00:11:01,093 --> 00:11:02,528
leading to the discovery

490
00:11:02,595 --> 00:11:03,396
of large regions

491
00:11:03,462 --> 00:11:04,397
that appear to contain

492
00:11:04,463 --> 00:11:05,297
significant amounts

493
00:11:05,364 --> 00:11:06,399
of this water.

494
00:11:06,465 --> 00:11:07,666
These discoveries

495
00:11:07,733 --> 00:11:08,567
are important

496
00:11:08,634 --> 00:11:09,368
because they could help

497
00:11:09,435 --> 00:11:10,236
make future missions

498
00:11:10,302 --> 00:11:12,438
to the moon more sustainable.

499
00:11:12,505 --> 00:11:13,706
Instead of having to bring

500
00:11:13,773 --> 00:11:15,107
all their own water with them,

501
00:11:15,174 --> 00:11:16,675
astronauts could potentially

502
00:11:16,742 --> 00:11:17,643
extract water

503
00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:18,611
from the lunar soil

504
00:11:18,677 --> 00:11:20,146
and use it for drinking,

505
00:11:20,212 --> 00:11:21,113
cooking,

506
00:11:21,180 --> 00:11:22,381
and even rocket fuel.

507
00:11:23,582 --> 00:11:24,383
The Lunar Reconnaissance

508
00:11:24,450 --> 00:11:25,518
Orbiter spacecraft

509
00:11:25,584 --> 00:11:26,385
is also equipped

510
00:11:26,452 --> 00:11:27,219
with a suite

511
00:11:27,286 --> 00:11:28,454
of scientific instruments

512
00:11:28,521 --> 00:11:30,289
that aid in exploration,

513
00:11:30,356 --> 00:11:31,824
including a laser altimeter

514
00:11:31,891 --> 00:11:33,125
called LOLA

515
00:11:33,192 --> 00:11:34,260
that is able to measure

516
00:11:34,326 --> 00:11:35,528
the precise elevation

517
00:11:35,594 --> 00:11:38,764
of the lunar surface.

518
00:11:38,831 --> 00:11:39,732
Using LOLA,

519
00:11:39,799 --> 00:11:40,866
scientists have been able

520
00:11:40,933 --> 00:11:41,500
to create

521
00:11:41,567 --> 00:11:42,401
the most accurate map

522
00:11:42,468 --> 00:11:43,469
of the moon's topography

523
00:11:43,536 --> 00:11:44,336
to date,

524
00:11:44,403 --> 00:11:45,337
as well as improved

525
00:11:45,404 --> 00:11:47,173
lunar gravity models,

526
00:11:47,239 --> 00:11:48,340
both of which will help

527
00:11:48,407 --> 00:11:50,709
future exploration efforts.

528
00:11:50,776 --> 00:11:52,778
Finally, data from LRO

529
00:11:52,845 --> 00:11:53,412
has helped us

530
00:11:53,479 --> 00:11:54,180
better understand

531
00:11:54,246 --> 00:11:54,980
the composition

532
00:11:55,047 --> 00:11:56,182
of the lunar surface,

533
00:11:56,248 --> 00:11:57,016
shedding new light

534
00:11:57,083 --> 00:11:58,884
on the moon's history.

535
00:11:58,951 --> 00:11:59,919
The data has shown

536
00:11:59,985 --> 00:12:00,853
that a wider range

537
00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:01,887
of compositions

538
00:12:01,954 --> 00:12:03,189
of volcanic rocks exist

539
00:12:03,255 --> 00:12:04,190
on the lunar surface

540
00:12:04,256 --> 00:12:05,724
than previously thought.

541
00:12:05,791 --> 00:12:06,425
We have found

542
00:12:06,492 --> 00:12:07,493
compositions of rocks

543
00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:08,294
that are not part of

544
00:12:08,360 --> 00:12:09,895
the Apollo sample collection,

545
00:12:09,962 --> 00:12:10,796
and evidence

546
00:12:10,863 --> 00:12:11,931
for volcanic activity

547
00:12:11,997 --> 00:12:13,065
that may have occurred

548
00:12:13,132 --> 00:12:15,267
only 50 million years ago.

549
00:12:15,334 --> 00:12:17,570
That's 950 million years

550
00:12:17,636 --> 00:12:18,604
after scientists

551
00:12:18,671 --> 00:12:19,405
had previously thought

552
00:12:19,472 --> 00:12:20,573
it ended.

553
00:12:20,639 --> 00:12:21,507
This information

554
00:12:21,574 --> 00:12:22,608
helps us piece together

555
00:12:22,675 --> 00:12:23,676
a geologic history

556
00:12:23,742 --> 00:12:24,510
of the moon

557
00:12:24,577 --> 00:12:25,778
from just after its formation

558
00:12:25,845 --> 00:12:27,246
to the present day,

559
00:12:27,313 --> 00:12:28,781
information that will aid

560
00:12:28,848 --> 00:12:30,516
in understanding future samples

561
00:12:30,583 --> 00:12:32,618
collected by Artemis astronauts.

562
00:12:32,685 --> 00:12:34,353
Thanks to the incredible data

563
00:12:34,420 --> 00:12:35,254
gathered by the Lunar

564
00:12:35,321 --> 00:12:36,355
Reconnaissance Orbiter,

565
00:12:36,422 --> 00:12:37,923
NASA and the scientific

566
00:12:37,990 --> 00:12:39,225
community are making

567
00:12:39,291 --> 00:12:40,326
incredible strides

568
00:12:40,392 --> 00:12:41,193
in our understanding

569
00:12:41,260 --> 00:12:42,294
of the moon.

570
00:12:42,361 --> 00:12:43,996
With every new discovery,

571
00:12:44,063 --> 00:12:45,464
we are one step closer

572
00:12:45,531 --> 00:12:46,632
to unlocking the secrets

573
00:12:46,699 --> 00:12:47,666
of our closest

574
00:12:47,733 --> 00:12:48,901
celestial neighbor.

575
00:12:56,809 --> 00:12:57,409
>> So you just saw some

576
00:12:57,476 --> 00:12:58,410
of the ways in which NASA

577
00:12:58,477 --> 00:12:59,578
observes the moon.

578
00:12:59,645 --> 00:13:00,379
And so we're back here

579
00:13:00,446 --> 00:13:01,547
with Ernie to learn more

580
00:13:01,614 --> 00:13:02,948
about how data visualizers

581
00:13:03,015 --> 00:13:04,717
like himself use these data

582
00:13:04,783 --> 00:13:06,252
to create some incredible

583
00:13:06,318 --> 00:13:08,120
visualizations of the moon.

584
00:13:08,187 --> 00:13:08,854
So, Ernie, yeah,

585
00:13:08,921 --> 00:13:09,722
so you get all this data

586
00:13:09,788 --> 00:13:10,523
back from LRO.

587
00:13:10,589 --> 00:13:11,257
I'm always curious to know

588
00:13:11,323 --> 00:13:12,091
what your approach is

589
00:13:12,158 --> 00:13:13,192
to kind of distill that down

590
00:13:13,259 --> 00:13:14,360
into the beautiful imagery

591
00:13:14,426 --> 00:13:15,294
that we see.

592
00:13:15,361 --> 00:13:16,195
>> I feel so fortunate

593
00:13:16,262 --> 00:13:17,363
to be working with LRO data,

594
00:13:17,429 --> 00:13:18,397
because this

595
00:13:18,464 --> 00:13:19,331
is the first time

596
00:13:19,398 --> 00:13:20,232
that we have complete

597
00:13:20,299 --> 00:13:21,467
global maps of the moon,

598
00:13:21,534 --> 00:13:23,102
including the shape

599
00:13:23,169 --> 00:13:24,203
of the surface.

600
00:13:24,270 --> 00:13:24,970
And that's what gives you

601
00:13:25,037 --> 00:13:26,639
those beautiful shadows.

602
00:13:26,705 --> 00:13:27,940
And that's kind of--

603
00:13:28,007 --> 00:13:28,774
the moon is

604
00:13:28,841 --> 00:13:29,975
this very stark landscape.

605
00:13:30,042 --> 00:13:30,976
And without the shadows,

606
00:13:31,043 --> 00:13:31,744
you don't have

607
00:13:31,810 --> 00:13:32,845
a whole lot to show.

608
00:13:32,912 --> 00:13:36,615
But so I use all of these

609
00:13:36,682 --> 00:13:39,185
maps of the surface shape

610
00:13:39,251 --> 00:13:40,352
and the surface color,

611
00:13:40,419 --> 00:13:41,820
and I put the sun

612
00:13:41,887 --> 00:13:42,788
in the right place,

613
00:13:42,855 --> 00:13:44,557
and I put the--

614
00:13:44,623 --> 00:13:46,091
sometimes I put the camera

615
00:13:46,158 --> 00:13:47,493
where the Earth is

616
00:13:47,560 --> 00:13:48,294
so far away

617
00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:49,428
with a big telephoto lens,

618
00:13:49,495 --> 00:13:50,162
like I'm looking

619
00:13:50,229 --> 00:13:51,797
through a telescope.

620
00:13:51,864 --> 00:13:52,631
And really,

621
00:13:52,698 --> 00:13:53,399
all I have to do

622
00:13:53,465 --> 00:13:54,266
is point at the moon,

623
00:13:54,333 --> 00:13:55,301
and there's so many

624
00:13:55,367 --> 00:13:56,502
beautiful things to see there.

625
00:13:56,569 --> 00:13:57,570
>> Yeah, the resolution

626
00:13:57,636 --> 00:13:58,437
is crazy.

627
00:13:58,504 --> 00:13:59,104
Can you give us kind of

628
00:13:59,171 --> 00:14:00,039
a sense of scale,

629
00:14:00,105 --> 00:14:01,607
like as per pixel resolution?

630
00:14:01,674 --> 00:14:02,541
>> Yeah.

631
00:14:02,608 --> 00:14:04,009
So the cameras on LRO,

632
00:14:04,076 --> 00:14:05,344
there is a wide angle camera

633
00:14:05,411 --> 00:14:06,912
that's 100 meters per pixel,

634
00:14:06,979 --> 00:14:08,280
and there's a narrow

635
00:14:08,347 --> 00:14:09,081
angle camera

636
00:14:09,148 --> 00:14:09,982
that can get down to

637
00:14:10,049 --> 00:14:12,685
half a meter or even better.

638
00:14:12,751 --> 00:14:13,686
This is what is allowed us

639
00:14:13,752 --> 00:14:14,453
to take pictures

640
00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:16,455
of the landing sites

641
00:14:16,522 --> 00:14:18,123
of the Apollo astronauts.

642
00:14:18,190 --> 00:14:20,893
The descent stage

643
00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:22,161
of those landers

644
00:14:22,228 --> 00:14:22,995
is still there.

645
00:14:23,062 --> 00:14:24,063
We can see--

646
00:14:24,129 --> 00:14:25,130
we can't see the flags,

647
00:14:25,197 --> 00:14:26,432
but we can see the shadows

648
00:14:26,498 --> 00:14:28,200
of the flags cast,

649
00:14:28,267 --> 00:14:29,668
and we can see their--

650
00:14:29,735 --> 00:14:30,669
their footprints.

651
00:14:30,736 --> 00:14:31,503
We can see the tracks

652
00:14:31,570 --> 00:14:32,304
that they left,

653
00:14:32,371 --> 00:14:32,972
and we can see

654
00:14:33,038 --> 00:14:33,739
the rover tracks,

655
00:14:33,806 --> 00:14:34,573
and we know exactly

656
00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:35,374
where they went.

657
00:14:35,441 --> 00:14:37,042
We can see the rover.

658
00:14:37,109 --> 00:14:39,278
Apollo 15, 16, and 17

659
00:14:39,345 --> 00:14:40,412
had a dune buggy that

660
00:14:40,479 --> 00:14:41,981
allowed them to travel for--

661
00:14:42,047 --> 00:14:43,983
for miles on the surface.

662
00:14:44,049 --> 00:14:47,186
And the other really

663
00:14:47,253 --> 00:14:48,621
important component for me

664
00:14:48,687 --> 00:14:50,823
is the laser altimeter.

665
00:14:50,889 --> 00:14:52,258
This is a laser that fires

666
00:14:52,324 --> 00:14:53,559
shots at the surface

667
00:14:53,626 --> 00:14:55,060
28 times a second,

668
00:14:55,127 --> 00:14:57,696
and it has a clock in it

669
00:14:57,763 --> 00:14:59,265
that can time how long

670
00:14:59,331 --> 00:15:00,466
it takes that laser light

671
00:15:00,532 --> 00:15:02,167
to leave the spacecraft,

672
00:15:02,234 --> 00:15:02,901
hit the surface,

673
00:15:02,968 --> 00:15:03,936
and come back again.

674
00:15:04,003 --> 00:15:05,070
And we're talking about

675
00:15:05,137 --> 00:15:06,639
fractions of nanoseconds,

676
00:15:06,705 --> 00:15:07,573
but that tells you

677
00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:08,440
exactly the height

678
00:15:08,507 --> 00:15:09,174
of the surface

679
00:15:09,241 --> 00:15:10,342
that they're firing at.

680
00:15:10,409 --> 00:15:11,810
They've shot that laser

681
00:15:11,877 --> 00:15:13,679
over 10 billion times.

682
00:15:13,746 --> 00:15:16,682
And so we have maps

683
00:15:16,749 --> 00:15:18,017
of the shape of the terrain

684
00:15:18,083 --> 00:15:18,884
based on that

685
00:15:18,951 --> 00:15:22,354
that are 60 meters per pixel

686
00:15:22,421 --> 00:15:23,489
near the equator

687
00:15:23,555 --> 00:15:25,457
and five meters per pixel

688
00:15:25,524 --> 00:15:27,226
at the poles.

689
00:15:27,293 --> 00:15:28,394
The advantage of

690
00:15:28,460 --> 00:15:30,062
a polar orbiter like LRO

691
00:15:30,129 --> 00:15:31,964
is that it goes over the pole

692
00:15:32,031 --> 00:15:33,299
lots and lots of times,

693
00:15:33,365 --> 00:15:34,600
and all of those tracks

694
00:15:34,667 --> 00:15:35,701
are squished together,

695
00:15:35,768 --> 00:15:36,969
so you get really high

696
00:15:37,036 --> 00:15:38,003
resolution there.

697
00:15:38,070 --> 00:15:39,138
And that's fortunate for us

698
00:15:39,204 --> 00:15:40,339
because we kind of

699
00:15:40,406 --> 00:15:41,106
want to land there

700
00:15:41,173 --> 00:15:42,174
at the South Pole.

701
00:15:42,241 --> 00:15:43,542
And so we know

702
00:15:43,609 --> 00:15:45,010
the shape of that terrain

703
00:15:45,077 --> 00:15:46,378
better than, you know,

704
00:15:46,445 --> 00:15:47,646
any of the landing sites

705
00:15:47,713 --> 00:15:48,747
in Apollo.

706
00:15:48,814 --> 00:15:49,915
And it really helps

707
00:15:49,982 --> 00:15:51,050
with the planning,

708
00:15:51,116 --> 00:15:52,151
>> Your mention of

709
00:15:52,217 --> 00:15:53,252
the South Pole, I mean,

710
00:15:53,319 --> 00:15:55,154
we are doing a lot

711
00:15:55,220 --> 00:15:56,255
to get ready to continue

712
00:15:56,322 --> 00:15:57,189
exploring the moon.

713
00:15:57,256 --> 00:15:58,557
We have been with LRO

714
00:15:58,624 --> 00:15:59,992
for a long time now.

715
00:16:00,059 --> 00:16:01,827
It's amazing how fantastic

716
00:16:01,894 --> 00:16:02,928
and long lived

717
00:16:02,995 --> 00:16:03,996
the spacecraft is going.

718
00:16:04,063 --> 00:16:04,797
The little spacecraft

719
00:16:04,863 --> 00:16:06,098
that could.

720
00:16:06,165 --> 00:16:07,299
But we're also

721
00:16:07,366 --> 00:16:08,634
learning a lot

722
00:16:08,701 --> 00:16:09,702
with your visualizations.

723
00:16:09,768 --> 00:16:10,669
They're stunning.

724
00:16:10,736 --> 00:16:11,570
They're beautiful.

725
00:16:11,637 --> 00:16:13,172
This is like my favorite meeting

726
00:16:13,238 --> 00:16:14,473
is learning what Ernie

727
00:16:14,540 --> 00:16:16,375
has created with this data

728
00:16:16,442 --> 00:16:17,643
that's a little bit hard

729
00:16:17,710 --> 00:16:19,278
to approach in raw format.

730
00:16:19,345 --> 00:16:21,613
But we're also benefiting

731
00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:22,981
as a science community

732
00:16:23,048 --> 00:16:24,249
from your visualization.

733
00:16:24,316 --> 00:16:25,217
So can you talk a little bit

734
00:16:25,284 --> 00:16:26,952
about the types of mysteries

735
00:16:27,019 --> 00:16:28,053
you're helping to solve,

736
00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:28,954
the types of puzzles,

737
00:16:29,021 --> 00:16:29,755
the types of challenges

738
00:16:29,822 --> 00:16:30,589
that your work

739
00:16:30,656 --> 00:16:31,523
is helping us overcome

740
00:16:31,590 --> 00:16:33,025
as we're exploring the moon

741
00:16:33,092 --> 00:16:33,859
and learning about it.

742
00:16:33,926 --> 00:16:34,693
>> I always think of myself

743
00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:36,929
as an artist with no talent.

744
00:16:36,995 --> 00:16:38,764
And so what I try to do

745
00:16:38,831 --> 00:16:39,998
is use the computer

746
00:16:40,065 --> 00:16:41,967
as my sort of talent aid.

747
00:16:42,034 --> 00:16:43,402
And my approach

748
00:16:43,469 --> 00:16:44,636
has always been,

749
00:16:44,703 --> 00:16:46,538
the more realistic

750
00:16:46,605 --> 00:16:48,640
I can be in my rendering,

751
00:16:48,707 --> 00:16:50,275
the closer I can get to

752
00:16:50,342 --> 00:16:51,677
the beauty of nature.

753
00:16:51,744 --> 00:16:52,978
This is something that

754
00:16:53,045 --> 00:16:53,979
I don't have to work at.

755
00:16:54,046 --> 00:16:55,047
It just comes out of

756
00:16:55,114 --> 00:16:57,015
doing things that show

757
00:16:57,082 --> 00:16:58,717
what it really looks like.

758
00:16:58,784 --> 00:17:02,054
And so for, you know,

759
00:17:02,121 --> 00:17:03,255
deciding where to land,

760
00:17:03,322 --> 00:17:04,590
when we go back,

761
00:17:04,656 --> 00:17:05,958
it's really important

762
00:17:06,024 --> 00:17:07,259
to get that illumination right.

763
00:17:07,326 --> 00:17:08,360
At the South Pole

764
00:17:08,427 --> 00:17:09,395
the illumination is

765
00:17:09,461 --> 00:17:10,863
just bizarre.

766
00:17:10,929 --> 00:17:12,564
The sun is never more

767
00:17:12,631 --> 00:17:13,665
than a degree and a half

768
00:17:13,732 --> 00:17:14,700
above the surface.

769
00:17:14,767 --> 00:17:15,300
And so you get these

770
00:17:15,367 --> 00:17:16,502
gigantic long shadows

771
00:17:16,568 --> 00:17:17,836
that are cast from mountains

772
00:17:17,903 --> 00:17:18,937
that are over

773
00:17:19,004 --> 00:17:20,539
100 kilometers away.

774
00:17:20,606 --> 00:17:22,808
If your spacecraft

775
00:17:22,875 --> 00:17:24,543
is powered with solar panels,

776
00:17:24,610 --> 00:17:25,544
you kind of need to know

777
00:17:25,611 --> 00:17:26,412
if you're going to be

778
00:17:26,478 --> 00:17:27,279
in shadow or not.

779
00:17:27,346 --> 00:17:30,616
So I think-- I hope that,

780
00:17:30,682 --> 00:17:32,217
when I visualize

781
00:17:32,284 --> 00:17:33,018
the illumination

782
00:17:33,085 --> 00:17:33,886
at the South Pole,

783
00:17:33,952 --> 00:17:35,087
it's helping to choose

784
00:17:35,154 --> 00:17:36,855
the landing site

785
00:17:36,922 --> 00:17:39,391
and plan how we do our EVAs

786
00:17:39,458 --> 00:17:40,659
when the astronauts step out

787
00:17:40,726 --> 00:17:42,294
and explore the surface.

788
00:17:42,361 --> 00:17:43,429
Do they have to

789
00:17:43,495 --> 00:17:44,797
walk through shadow?

790
00:17:44,863 --> 00:17:46,899
Can we use earthshine to sort

791
00:17:46,965 --> 00:17:49,268
of help in those situations?

792
00:17:49,334 --> 00:17:50,936
What is the big difference

793
00:17:51,003 --> 00:17:52,838
between summer and winter?

794
00:17:52,905 --> 00:17:54,339
You wouldn't think that

795
00:17:54,406 --> 00:17:55,908
the moon would have seasons

796
00:17:55,974 --> 00:17:57,476
as extreme as the Earth's,

797
00:17:57,543 --> 00:17:58,143
but if you're

798
00:17:58,210 --> 00:17:59,311
at the South Pole,

799
00:17:59,378 --> 00:18:00,579
it makes all the difference

800
00:18:00,646 --> 00:18:01,313
whether the sun

801
00:18:01,380 --> 00:18:02,381
is a degree and a half

802
00:18:02,448 --> 00:18:03,882
above the horizon,

803
00:18:03,949 --> 00:18:05,951
or a degree and a half below.

804
00:18:06,018 --> 00:18:08,320
So that's what

805
00:18:08,387 --> 00:18:10,255
I'm trying to do now,

806
00:18:10,322 --> 00:18:11,723
is help people understand what

807
00:18:11,790 --> 00:18:13,192
that lighting situation is.

808
00:18:13,258 --> 00:18:14,259
>> Yeah. And also, I guess

809
00:18:14,326 --> 00:18:15,427
this work we were talking about

810
00:18:15,494 --> 00:18:16,061
is preparing

811
00:18:16,128 --> 00:18:16,795
the next generation

812
00:18:16,862 --> 00:18:17,796
of astronauts for Artemis.

813
00:18:17,863 --> 00:18:18,564
What does that mean to you

814
00:18:18,630 --> 00:18:19,598
that your work,

815
00:18:19,665 --> 00:18:20,599
your data is being used

816
00:18:20,666 --> 00:18:21,567
in this situation?

817
00:18:21,633 --> 00:18:22,301
>> It's so cool.

818
00:18:22,367 --> 00:18:23,001
I have been sent

819
00:18:23,068 --> 00:18:23,969
pictures of astronauts

820
00:18:24,036 --> 00:18:24,770
in training

821
00:18:24,837 --> 00:18:25,471
who are looking

822
00:18:25,537 --> 00:18:26,472
at my visualizations

823
00:18:26,538 --> 00:18:28,240
and identifying features

824
00:18:28,307 --> 00:18:29,041
on the surface

825
00:18:29,107 --> 00:18:31,076
and understanding how,

826
00:18:31,143 --> 00:18:32,377
you know, changes in lighting

827
00:18:32,444 --> 00:18:34,913
make things, more difficult.

828
00:18:34,980 --> 00:18:35,647
This is actually

829
00:18:35,714 --> 00:18:36,315
something that,

830
00:18:36,381 --> 00:18:38,116
during International

831
00:18:38,183 --> 00:18:38,984
Observe the Moon Night,

832
00:18:39,051 --> 00:18:40,252
you can see for yourself.

833
00:18:40,319 --> 00:18:42,087
On the eastern side

834
00:18:42,154 --> 00:18:43,055
of the moon,

835
00:18:43,121 --> 00:18:44,323
you'll see that the craters

836
00:18:44,389 --> 00:18:45,591
kind of disappear.

837
00:18:45,657 --> 00:18:46,658
What you see

838
00:18:46,725 --> 00:18:47,493
is the coloration.

839
00:18:47,559 --> 00:18:48,393
But because there aren't

840
00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:49,728
very many shadows there,

841
00:18:49,795 --> 00:18:50,362
you can't tell

842
00:18:50,429 --> 00:18:51,430
what the shapes are.

843
00:18:51,497 --> 00:18:53,165
And so I think it's helpful

844
00:18:53,232 --> 00:18:55,667
for the astronauts to see

845
00:18:55,734 --> 00:18:57,903
what everything looks like

846
00:18:57,970 --> 00:18:58,537
under different

847
00:18:58,604 --> 00:18:59,538
lighting conditions

848
00:18:59,605 --> 00:19:01,540
and how something that

849
00:19:01,607 --> 00:19:02,708
on a map, you might say, oh,

850
00:19:02,774 --> 00:19:04,142
I know exactly where that is.

851
00:19:04,209 --> 00:19:05,277
But if you're--

852
00:19:05,344 --> 00:19:06,078
if the illumination

853
00:19:06,144 --> 00:19:06,778
is different,

854
00:19:06,845 --> 00:19:07,513
you might not see it

855
00:19:07,579 --> 00:19:08,580
that way at all.

856
00:19:08,647 --> 00:19:09,281
And you have such

857
00:19:09,348 --> 00:19:10,048
an incredible knowledge

858
00:19:10,115 --> 00:19:10,782
of all the features

859
00:19:10,849 --> 00:19:11,583
of the moon.

860
00:19:11,650 --> 00:19:12,451
I was wondering

861
00:19:12,518 --> 00:19:13,585
what is a feature on it

862
00:19:13,652 --> 00:19:14,920
that kind of draws you back in

863
00:19:14,987 --> 00:19:15,821
every single time you see it,

864
00:19:15,888 --> 00:19:16,388
when you're looking

865
00:19:16,455 --> 00:19:17,256
through this data?

866
00:19:17,322 --> 00:19:17,856
>> Well, you know,

867
00:19:17,923 --> 00:19:18,690
I've been staring at the moon

868
00:19:18,757 --> 00:19:19,691
for 15 years now,

869
00:19:19,758 --> 00:19:21,727
and you kind of have to--

870
00:19:21,793 --> 00:19:24,997
so I like, unusual things

871
00:19:25,063 --> 00:19:26,098
like Reiner Gamma,

872
00:19:26,164 --> 00:19:28,166
which is this swirly feature.

873
00:19:28,233 --> 00:19:29,134
It's not a crater.

874
00:19:29,201 --> 00:19:30,002
It's not a--

875
00:19:30,068 --> 00:19:31,470
it's not a shape on the surface.

876
00:19:31,537 --> 00:19:33,005
It's a coloration

877
00:19:33,071 --> 00:19:34,640
that we think is caused

878
00:19:34,706 --> 00:19:37,009
by local magnetic fields.

879
00:19:37,075 --> 00:19:38,210
That sort of a redistributing

880
00:19:38,277 --> 00:19:39,411
dust particles

881
00:19:39,478 --> 00:19:40,779
is a little bit like

882
00:19:40,846 --> 00:19:42,247
the magnetic face

883
00:19:42,314 --> 00:19:43,248
that you can kind of

884
00:19:43,315 --> 00:19:44,750
draw mustaches with.

885
00:19:44,816 --> 00:19:45,884
And that's happening

886
00:19:45,951 --> 00:19:47,019
on the surface of the moon,

887
00:19:47,085 --> 00:19:49,087
and we call those swirls,

888
00:19:49,154 --> 00:19:50,255
but Reiner Gamma is

889
00:19:50,322 --> 00:19:51,290
the most obvious one,

890
00:19:51,356 --> 00:19:52,190
and you can see that through

891
00:19:52,257 --> 00:19:53,559
an amateur telescope.

892
00:19:53,625 --> 00:19:55,160
In an amateur telescope,

893
00:19:55,227 --> 00:19:55,761
it looks like a little

894
00:19:55,827 --> 00:19:56,762
figure eight that's drawn

895
00:19:56,828 --> 00:19:58,196
on the face of the moon.

896
00:19:58,263 --> 00:19:58,897
>> Yeah. It's amazing. You can

897
00:19:58,964 --> 00:19:59,932
see these in real time.

898
00:19:59,998 --> 00:20:00,499
I think of, like,

899
00:20:00,566 --> 00:20:01,233
the Shoemaker-Levy 9

900
00:20:01,300 --> 00:20:02,000
impact on Jupiter.

901
00:20:02,067 --> 00:20:02,568
Is there anything that

902
00:20:02,634 --> 00:20:03,335
you've been able to capture

903
00:20:03,402 --> 00:20:04,303
in real time

904
00:20:04,369 --> 00:20:05,704
with LRO here at the moon?

905
00:20:05,771 --> 00:20:08,640
>> Yeah. LRO is detecting

906
00:20:08,707 --> 00:20:11,410
a lot of meteor impacts.

907
00:20:11,476 --> 00:20:14,746
And I mean, we say meteor.

908
00:20:14,813 --> 00:20:16,882
That's kind of an Earth thing.

909
00:20:16,949 --> 00:20:18,283
It's a-- the bright flash

910
00:20:18,350 --> 00:20:19,251
in the atmosphere.

911
00:20:19,318 --> 00:20:19,918
But there are also

912
00:20:19,985 --> 00:20:20,786
these particles that

913
00:20:20,852 --> 00:20:21,587
are hitting the moon

914
00:20:21,653 --> 00:20:23,589
and small boulders.

915
00:20:23,655 --> 00:20:26,959
And we have seen flashes

916
00:20:27,025 --> 00:20:29,728
on the Earth that indicate

917
00:20:29,795 --> 00:20:31,496
that an impact has occurred,

918
00:20:31,563 --> 00:20:33,432
and LRO can fly over that later

919
00:20:33,498 --> 00:20:34,466
and see a new crater.

920
00:20:34,533 --> 00:20:35,300
And because it's

921
00:20:35,367 --> 00:20:36,602
been there for 15 years,

922
00:20:36,668 --> 00:20:38,236
it has older pictures

923
00:20:38,303 --> 00:20:39,071
of that area.

924
00:20:39,137 --> 00:20:40,339
And so we can kind of

925
00:20:40,405 --> 00:20:41,840
do that two frame gif

926
00:20:41,907 --> 00:20:43,342
of crater's there,

927
00:20:43,408 --> 00:20:44,543
crater's not there.

928
00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:45,944
And you can see

929
00:20:46,011 --> 00:20:48,013
crater formation processes

930
00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:49,915
that are happening right now.

931
00:20:49,982 --> 00:20:50,816
In fact,

932
00:20:50,882 --> 00:20:51,683
I was surprised to learn

933
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:54,186
that based on this, the--

934
00:20:54,252 --> 00:20:54,953
they call it

935
00:20:55,020 --> 00:20:55,988
the gardening rate.

936
00:20:56,054 --> 00:20:56,588
This is how fast

937
00:20:56,655 --> 00:20:57,856
the surface changes.

938
00:20:57,923 --> 00:20:59,458
That rate is probably

939
00:20:59,524 --> 00:21:00,559
100 times faster

940
00:21:00,626 --> 00:21:01,927
than we thought it was.

941
00:21:01,994 --> 00:21:02,961
This has implications

942
00:21:03,028 --> 00:21:04,329
for the astronauts' footprints.

943
00:21:04,396 --> 00:21:05,097
We thought they would

944
00:21:05,163 --> 00:21:06,198
last a million years.

945
00:21:06,264 --> 00:21:08,000
They may only last 10,000,

946
00:21:08,066 --> 00:21:08,900
because there's still

947
00:21:08,967 --> 00:21:09,835
so much activity

948
00:21:09,901 --> 00:21:10,936
on the surface. Right?

949
00:21:11,003 --> 00:21:12,671
>> It is really incredible.

950
00:21:12,738 --> 00:21:15,173
LRO has helped us reshape

951
00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:16,108
our understanding of

952
00:21:16,174 --> 00:21:18,043
our nearest neighbor in space.

953
00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:19,678
And, so much of your work

954
00:21:19,745 --> 00:21:21,046
has helped us understand

955
00:21:21,113 --> 00:21:22,381
what is going on.

956
00:21:22,447 --> 00:21:23,782
And there is

957
00:21:23,849 --> 00:21:24,850
a 15 year collection

958
00:21:24,916 --> 00:21:26,685
of Ernie's work helping us

959
00:21:26,752 --> 00:21:28,020
look at some of

960
00:21:28,086 --> 00:21:29,054
the neatest highlights,

961
00:21:29,121 --> 00:21:30,589
the greatest science results,

962
00:21:30,656 --> 00:21:31,356
and all kinds

963
00:21:31,423 --> 00:21:32,924
of beautiful areas that

964
00:21:32,991 --> 00:21:34,026
we can observe on the moon.

965
00:21:34,092 --> 00:21:34,760
>> And it's been such

966
00:21:34,826 --> 00:21:35,494
a privilege to work

967
00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:36,261
on that data

968
00:21:36,328 --> 00:21:37,562
and actually see that happen

969
00:21:37,629 --> 00:21:39,197
and see scientists see things

970
00:21:39,264 --> 00:21:40,766
that they didn't see before.

971
00:21:40,832 --> 00:21:42,701
It's this time capsule

972
00:21:42,768 --> 00:21:45,604
of the formation and evolution

973
00:21:45,671 --> 00:21:46,872
of the entire solar system.

974
00:21:46,938 --> 00:21:47,606
So everything you learn

975
00:21:47,673 --> 00:21:48,306
about the moon

976
00:21:48,373 --> 00:21:49,174
tells you something

977
00:21:49,241 --> 00:21:50,275
about where we came from,

978
00:21:50,342 --> 00:21:51,109
where the Earth came from,

979
00:21:51,176 --> 00:21:51,743
where the rest of

980
00:21:51,810 --> 00:21:52,744
the solar system came from.

981
00:21:52,811 --> 00:21:54,413
And to see that understanding

982
00:21:54,479 --> 00:21:55,547
grow in real time

983
00:21:55,614 --> 00:21:56,882
based on LRO's data

984
00:21:56,948 --> 00:21:58,583
is really amazing.

985
00:21:58,650 --> 00:21:59,351
>> And you've combined

986
00:21:59,418 --> 00:22:00,285
all of this data into,

987
00:22:00,352 --> 00:22:01,353
I think, in my opinion,

988
00:22:01,420 --> 00:22:02,187
and probably everyone's opinion.

989
00:22:02,254 --> 00:22:04,022
NASA's favorite video of yours,

990
00:22:04,089 --> 00:22:05,691
which is this one set to

991
00:22:05,757 --> 00:22:07,359
"Clair de Lune" by Debussy.

992
00:22:07,426 --> 00:22:09,161
"Moonlight," it's a beautiful

993
00:22:09,227 --> 00:22:09,995
visualization.

994
00:22:10,062 --> 00:22:11,630
And we'll watch that now.

995
00:22:11,697 --> 00:22:12,364
And I encourage you all

996
00:22:12,431 --> 00:22:13,231
to just enjoy

997
00:22:13,298 --> 00:22:14,199
and take this one in.

998
00:22:16,201 --> 00:22:31,216
[ music ]

999
00:22:46,231 --> 00:23:01,179
[ music ]

1000
00:23:16,194 --> 00:23:31,209
[ music ]

1001
00:23:46,224 --> 00:24:01,173
[ music ]

1002
00:24:16,188 --> 00:24:31,203
[ music ]

1003
00:24:46,218 --> 00:25:01,166
[ music ]

1004
00:25:16,181 --> 00:25:31,196
[ music ]

1005
00:25:46,211 --> 00:26:01,159
[ music ]

1006
00:26:16,174 --> 00:26:31,189
[ music ]

1007
00:26:46,204 --> 00:26:58,383
[ music ]

1008
00:26:58,450 --> 00:26:58,917
>> These data are not

1009
00:26:58,984 --> 00:27:00,385
only visually stunning,

1010
00:27:00,452 --> 00:27:02,153
but scientifically interesting

1011
00:27:02,220 --> 00:27:03,188
and important as well.

1012
00:27:03,254 --> 00:27:04,055
They're helping us

1013
00:27:04,122 --> 00:27:04,889
better understand

1014
00:27:04,956 --> 00:27:05,790
the lunar environment

1015
00:27:05,857 --> 00:27:06,992
and prepare for

1016
00:27:07,058 --> 00:27:08,360
future exploration.

1017
00:27:08,426 --> 00:27:09,227
>> And so while we study

1018
00:27:09,294 --> 00:27:10,128
the moon using missions

1019
00:27:10,195 --> 00:27:10,895
like the Lunar

1020
00:27:10,962 --> 00:27:11,963
Reconnaissance Orbiter,

1021
00:27:12,030 --> 00:27:13,198
we also continue

1022
00:27:13,264 --> 00:27:14,366
to make new discoveries

1023
00:27:14,432 --> 00:27:15,066
from the samples

1024
00:27:15,133 --> 00:27:16,534
that astronauts brought back

1025
00:27:16,601 --> 00:27:17,702
from the Apollo program.

1026
00:27:17,769 --> 00:27:18,603
Here's how scientist

1027
00:27:18,670 --> 00:27:20,138
at NASA's Johnson Space Center

1028
00:27:20,205 --> 00:27:21,606
are analyzing this precious

1029
00:27:21,673 --> 00:27:23,608
collection of lunar material.

1030
00:27:23,675 --> 00:27:25,176
>> This is the only place

1031
00:27:25,243 --> 00:27:26,177
in the world

1032
00:27:26,244 --> 00:27:27,445
that you go work with

1033
00:27:27,512 --> 00:27:29,214
moon rocks on the scale

1034
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:30,181
that we work with them

1035
00:27:30,248 --> 00:27:31,950
and handle them every day.

1036
00:27:32,017 --> 00:27:32,884
It's so exciting

1037
00:27:32,951 --> 00:27:33,885
that the astronauts

1038
00:27:33,952 --> 00:27:35,286
brought back the samples,

1039
00:27:35,353 --> 00:27:36,021
and they're here

1040
00:27:36,087 --> 00:27:37,122
at Johnson Space Center.

1041
00:27:44,929 --> 00:27:45,463
>> My name is

1042
00:27:45,530 --> 00:27:47,432
Andrea Beatrice Mosie.

1043
00:27:47,499 --> 00:27:48,967
I've been working here

1044
00:27:49,034 --> 00:27:50,201
at NASA

1045
00:27:50,268 --> 00:27:51,836
for 47 years.

1046
00:27:51,903 --> 00:27:53,772
> My name is Juliane Gross.

1047
00:27:53,838 --> 00:27:55,106
I'm the deputy curator

1048
00:27:55,173 --> 00:27:56,274
for the Apollo samples.

1049
00:27:56,341 --> 00:27:58,543
My job rocks, obviously.

1050
00:27:58,610 --> 00:28:00,211
>> On a daily basis,

1051
00:28:00,278 --> 00:28:01,346
I work with moon rocks.

1052
00:28:01,413 --> 00:28:02,680
There were six missions

1053
00:28:02,747 --> 00:28:03,515
that went to the moon

1054
00:28:03,581 --> 00:28:06,184
from 1969 to 1972.

1055
00:28:06,251 --> 00:28:08,219
And we brought back 842 pounds

1056
00:28:08,286 --> 00:28:10,588
of rocks, pebbles, and soil.

1057
00:28:10,655 --> 00:28:11,523
>> We're studying moon rocks

1058
00:28:11,589 --> 00:28:12,757
because we want to learn

1059
00:28:12,824 --> 00:28:14,325
about our own history.

1060
00:28:14,392 --> 00:28:15,493
I want to learn about

1061
00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:16,561
how Earth formed,

1062
00:28:16,628 --> 00:28:17,495
where life comes from.

1063
00:28:17,562 --> 00:28:18,530
Where is the water coming from?

1064
00:28:18,596 --> 00:28:19,864
And all that information

1065
00:28:19,931 --> 00:28:20,999
is lost on Earth.

1066
00:28:21,066 --> 00:28:22,434
We need to find that

1067
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:23,201
someplace else

1068
00:28:23,268 --> 00:28:23,968
that hasn't changed,

1069
00:28:24,035 --> 00:28:24,736
so we can still find

1070
00:28:24,803 --> 00:28:26,037
that original information.

1071
00:28:26,104 --> 00:28:27,439
That's on the moon.

1072
00:28:27,505 --> 00:28:28,773
The moon doesn't have

1073
00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:30,708
any wind and water and rain.

1074
00:28:30,775 --> 00:28:31,476
The moon is

1075
00:28:31,543 --> 00:28:32,610
geologically inactive,

1076
00:28:32,677 --> 00:28:33,578
so nothing has changed.

1077
00:28:33,645 --> 00:28:35,313
It has recorded everything

1078
00:28:35,380 --> 00:28:36,681
since its formation.

1079
00:28:36,748 --> 00:28:37,415
So it has recorded

1080
00:28:37,482 --> 00:28:38,450
how the sun has changed

1081
00:28:38,516 --> 00:28:39,384
over time.

1082
00:28:39,451 --> 00:28:41,519
It recorded how much stuff

1083
00:28:41,586 --> 00:28:42,954
got delivered to the moon,

1084
00:28:43,021 --> 00:28:44,255
like, hit the moon over time.

1085
00:28:44,322 --> 00:28:45,356
We can look at the age

1086
00:28:45,423 --> 00:28:46,157
of these rocks

1087
00:28:46,224 --> 00:28:47,125
and then make assumptions

1088
00:28:47,192 --> 00:28:48,259
of, like, what was delivered

1089
00:28:48,326 --> 00:28:49,194
at what time.

1090
00:28:49,260 --> 00:28:50,161
So the moon is like

1091
00:28:50,228 --> 00:28:50,995
a time capsule

1092
00:28:51,062 --> 00:28:52,030
or a time machine.

1093
00:28:52,097 --> 00:28:52,997
We can go back in time

1094
00:28:53,064 --> 00:28:54,666
to look at it.

1095
00:28:54,732 --> 00:28:55,900
>> The moon rocks are stored

1096
00:28:55,967 --> 00:28:57,602
here at Johnson Space Center

1097
00:28:57,669 --> 00:28:59,671
in our pristine sample vault,

1098
00:28:59,737 --> 00:29:02,073
and our return sample vault.

1099
00:29:02,140 --> 00:29:04,175
We actually break the rocks,

1100
00:29:04,242 --> 00:29:05,743
document the samples,

1101
00:29:05,810 --> 00:29:06,978
find out exactly

1102
00:29:07,045 --> 00:29:08,246
what scientists or

1103
00:29:08,313 --> 00:29:09,414
the researchers looking for,

1104
00:29:09,481 --> 00:29:10,548
and we allocate

1105
00:29:10,615 --> 00:29:11,683
or send the samples

1106
00:29:11,749 --> 00:29:13,485
to them to do their research.

1107
00:29:13,551 --> 00:29:14,919
You cannot actually

1108
00:29:14,986 --> 00:29:16,488
touch the samples

1109
00:29:16,554 --> 00:29:17,622
with the bare hands.

1110
00:29:17,689 --> 00:29:19,491
If in fact I touch the samples

1111
00:29:19,557 --> 00:29:20,992
with my bare hands,

1112
00:29:21,059 --> 00:29:22,827
then I'm adding the oil

1113
00:29:22,894 --> 00:29:24,162
to the samples.

1114
00:29:24,229 --> 00:29:25,763
So when the researchers

1115
00:29:25,830 --> 00:29:27,632
actually do their analysis,

1116
00:29:27,699 --> 00:29:28,967
they're not researching

1117
00:29:29,033 --> 00:29:30,235
what was actually found

1118
00:29:30,301 --> 00:29:31,102
on the moon.

1119
00:29:31,169 --> 00:29:32,270
They're researching

1120
00:29:32,337 --> 00:29:34,439
what we have here on Earth.

1121
00:29:34,506 --> 00:29:36,374
We work in a clean room lab.

1122
00:29:36,441 --> 00:29:37,642
We have microscopes

1123
00:29:37,709 --> 00:29:38,476
that we keep covered

1124
00:29:38,543 --> 00:29:40,111
with a bag when we go out,

1125
00:29:40,178 --> 00:29:41,279
or you have data

1126
00:29:41,346 --> 00:29:42,347
that you're working on

1127
00:29:42,413 --> 00:29:43,414
in your data pack.

1128
00:29:43,481 --> 00:29:45,183
Everything we do here

1129
00:29:45,250 --> 00:29:46,951
is to protect the samples

1130
00:29:47,018 --> 00:29:48,953
from earthly environment.

1131
00:29:49,020 --> 00:29:49,921
You need to keep

1132
00:29:49,988 --> 00:29:51,289
the room clean.

1133
00:29:51,356 --> 00:29:52,690
When your parents tell you

1134
00:29:52,757 --> 00:29:54,726
to go and clean up your room,

1135
00:29:54,792 --> 00:29:55,960
just think about that.

1136
00:29:56,027 --> 00:29:57,162
I want to work in the lab

1137
00:29:57,228 --> 00:29:58,062
with the moon rocks.

1138
00:29:58,129 --> 00:29:58,830
I better learn how

1139
00:29:58,897 --> 00:30:00,899
to clean up this room.

1140
00:30:00,965 --> 00:30:01,966
>> All the Apollo samples

1141
00:30:02,033 --> 00:30:02,700
are special,

1142
00:30:02,767 --> 00:30:03,902
but they are not representative

1143
00:30:03,968 --> 00:30:05,436
for the rest of the moon.

1144
00:30:05,503 --> 00:30:06,638
So that's one of the reasons

1145
00:30:06,704 --> 00:30:07,505
why we are going

1146
00:30:07,572 --> 00:30:08,439
back to the moon

1147
00:30:08,506 --> 00:30:09,741
with the Artemis missions.

1148
00:30:09,807 --> 00:30:10,441
And we're going to go to

1149
00:30:10,508 --> 00:30:11,943
the south polar region.

1150
00:30:12,010 --> 00:30:13,077
The astronauts actually

1151
00:30:13,144 --> 00:30:14,112
got geology training

1152
00:30:14,179 --> 00:30:15,513
so that they could recognize

1153
00:30:15,580 --> 00:30:17,248
different rock type.

1154
00:30:17,315 --> 00:30:18,550
When we train the astronauts,

1155
00:30:18,616 --> 00:30:20,652
we want them to be able

1156
00:30:20,718 --> 00:30:22,187
to pick up rocks

1157
00:30:22,253 --> 00:30:23,221
that are representative

1158
00:30:23,288 --> 00:30:24,722
of that landing site.

1159
00:30:24,789 --> 00:30:26,090
But we also want them

1160
00:30:26,157 --> 00:30:26,958
to pick up rocks

1161
00:30:27,025 --> 00:30:28,560
that are very diverse,

1162
00:30:28,626 --> 00:30:29,894
so we really can

1163
00:30:29,961 --> 00:30:31,229
get a better idea

1164
00:30:31,296 --> 00:30:33,498
of what the geology is like

1165
00:30:33,565 --> 00:30:34,766
in that region.

1166
00:30:34,832 --> 00:30:36,401
Not just the landing sites,

1167
00:30:36,467 --> 00:30:37,702
but the overall region.

1168
00:30:37,769 --> 00:30:38,937
And that's why this is so fun,

1169
00:30:39,003 --> 00:30:41,072
because the Artemis astronauts

1170
00:30:41,139 --> 00:30:41,739
will learn from

1171
00:30:41,806 --> 00:30:42,807
the Apollo astronauts,

1172
00:30:42,874 --> 00:30:44,008
and they will learn from

1173
00:30:44,075 --> 00:30:45,443
the Apollo samples,

1174
00:30:45,510 --> 00:30:46,477
to prepare them

1175
00:30:46,544 --> 00:30:48,079
to go back to the moon

1176
00:30:48,146 --> 00:30:49,714
and pick up new samples

1177
00:30:49,781 --> 00:30:51,549
that are more representative.

1178
00:30:51,616 --> 00:30:53,618
>> I've been here for 47 years

1179
00:30:53,685 --> 00:30:55,186
because I actually

1180
00:30:55,253 --> 00:30:57,121
love what I do.

1181
00:30:57,188 --> 00:30:58,790
The samples from Apollo,

1182
00:30:58,856 --> 00:31:02,093
it sparked what we're doing now.

1183
00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:03,294
So we continue to do

1184
00:31:03,361 --> 00:31:04,562
that same research.

1185
00:31:04,629 --> 00:31:06,497
We continue with exploration.

1186
00:31:06,564 --> 00:31:10,268
And that is NASA's mission.

1187
00:31:10,335 --> 00:31:11,002
>> If you're interested

1188
00:31:11,069 --> 00:31:12,503
in becoming a processor

1189
00:31:12,570 --> 00:31:13,705
of moon rocks,

1190
00:31:13,771 --> 00:31:15,373
you should start studying now

1191
00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:18,009
Earth science and geology.

1192
00:31:18,076 --> 00:31:18,743
It's a good thing

1193
00:31:18,810 --> 00:31:20,044
to find a mentor.

1194
00:31:20,111 --> 00:31:21,412
There are also teachers

1195
00:31:21,479 --> 00:31:22,313
and counselors

1196
00:31:22,380 --> 00:31:23,648
that will assist you.

1197
00:31:23,715 --> 00:31:24,482
Don't be afraid

1198
00:31:24,549 --> 00:31:25,850
to reach out to them.

1199
00:31:25,917 --> 00:31:27,785
There's no dumb question.

1200
00:31:27,852 --> 00:31:28,753
So you need to be able

1201
00:31:28,820 --> 00:31:29,988
to open up,

1202
00:31:30,054 --> 00:31:32,123
ask the questions.

1203
00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:33,191
You need to be present.

1204
00:31:33,258 --> 00:31:34,759
But present does not mean

1205
00:31:34,826 --> 00:31:36,728
just being in the class.

1206
00:31:36,794 --> 00:31:38,796
Presence means participating,

1207
00:31:38,863 --> 00:31:40,531
asking the question,

1208
00:31:40,598 --> 00:31:41,466
doing your homework,

1209
00:31:41,532 --> 00:31:42,634
and doing all the things

1210
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:43,534
that you need to do

1211
00:31:43,601 --> 00:31:45,236
to be successful.

1212
00:31:45,303 --> 00:31:47,138
>> No, I never thought that

1213
00:31:47,205 --> 00:31:48,706
I could work for NASA.

1214
00:31:48,773 --> 00:31:50,575
That-that was like--

1215
00:31:50,642 --> 00:31:52,210
NASA was just like a big,

1216
00:31:52,277 --> 00:31:53,945
shiny whoa.

1217
00:31:54,012 --> 00:31:55,446
Only, like, geniuses work there.

1218
00:31:55,513 --> 00:31:56,447
Right?

1219
00:31:56,514 --> 00:31:59,217
I was like, nah, I'm not-I'm not

1220
00:31:59,284 --> 00:32:00,084
good enough for that.

1221
00:32:00,151 --> 00:32:01,819
Now, here I am.

1222
00:32:01,886 --> 00:32:03,021
Don't listen to anybody

1223
00:32:03,087 --> 00:32:03,988
who tells you

1224
00:32:04,055 --> 00:32:05,790
you can't do things,

1225
00:32:05,857 --> 00:32:07,125
or you're not smart enough,

1226
00:32:07,191 --> 00:32:08,459
or, like, whatever.

1227
00:32:08,526 --> 00:32:09,460
Don't listen to them

1228
00:32:09,527 --> 00:32:10,428
because they're wrong.

1229
00:32:10,495 --> 00:32:11,462
Because what that really means

1230
00:32:11,529 --> 00:32:12,430
is that you haven't found

1231
00:32:12,497 --> 00:32:14,799
the right people to teach you

1232
00:32:14,866 --> 00:32:16,100
in the right way

1233
00:32:16,167 --> 00:32:17,402
that is good for you.

1234
00:32:17,468 --> 00:32:18,936
Don't give up.

1235
00:32:19,003 --> 00:32:20,338
Stay curious.

1236
00:32:20,405 --> 00:32:21,439
Ask questions.

1237
00:32:21,506 --> 00:32:23,174
Follow your heart.

1238
00:32:23,241 --> 00:32:25,176
Just keep trying and you will

1239
00:32:25,243 --> 00:32:26,344
eventually get there.

1240
00:32:30,515 --> 00:32:32,050
>> What's so exciting now

1241
00:32:32,116 --> 00:32:33,117
is that we are heading

1242
00:32:33,184 --> 00:32:34,485
back to the moon

1243
00:32:34,552 --> 00:32:35,787
with astronauts again

1244
00:32:35,853 --> 00:32:37,955
in the very near future.

1245
00:32:38,022 --> 00:32:39,724
>> Yeah, it's very, very soon.

1246
00:32:39,791 --> 00:32:40,525
In fact, actually,

1247
00:32:40,591 --> 00:32:42,260
just recently, in late 2022,

1248
00:32:42,327 --> 00:32:43,728
NASA launched the uncrewed

1249
00:32:43,795 --> 00:32:44,929
moon orbiting mission,

1250
00:32:44,996 --> 00:32:45,797
Artemis 1,

1251
00:32:45,863 --> 00:32:47,365
that officially marked a new

1252
00:32:47,432 --> 00:32:49,200
phase of lunar exploration.

1253
00:32:49,267 --> 00:32:50,501
This mission was the first

1254
00:32:50,568 --> 00:32:52,103
in a series of increasingly

1255
00:32:52,170 --> 00:32:53,137
complex missions that will

1256
00:32:53,204 --> 00:32:54,405
enable human exploration

1257
00:32:54,472 --> 00:32:55,373
at the moon,

1258
00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:57,542
and future missions to Mars.

1259
00:32:57,608 --> 00:33:00,011
It traveled 1.4 million miles

1260
00:33:00,078 --> 00:33:01,079
over 25 days,

1261
00:33:01,145 --> 00:33:02,747
10 hours and 53 minutes

1262
00:33:02,814 --> 00:33:03,614
to be precise.

1263
00:33:03,681 --> 00:33:05,116
And ventured thousands of miles

1264
00:33:05,183 --> 00:33:06,851
beyond the moon.

1265
00:33:06,918 --> 00:33:07,819
>> While engineers

1266
00:33:07,885 --> 00:33:08,519
and technicians

1267
00:33:08,586 --> 00:33:09,921
prepare for Artemis 2,

1268
00:33:09,987 --> 00:33:11,055
the first crewed mission

1269
00:33:11,122 --> 00:33:11,823
in the program,

1270
00:33:11,889 --> 00:33:13,624
scientists on the ground are

1271
00:33:13,691 --> 00:33:15,660
working to train our astronauts.

1272
00:33:15,727 --> 00:33:16,728
>> And we have one of those

1273
00:33:16,794 --> 00:33:17,929
scientists actually in studio

1274
00:33:17,995 --> 00:33:18,629
with us today.

1275
00:33:18,696 --> 00:33:19,364
This is Kelsey Young

1276
00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:20,264
from NASA Goddard.

1277
00:33:20,331 --> 00:33:20,798
Thank you so much

1278
00:33:20,865 --> 00:33:21,499
for joining us.

1279
00:33:21,566 --> 00:33:22,233
>> Thanks for having me.

1280
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:23,034
>> Yeah, so you were involved

1281
00:33:23,101 --> 00:33:23,768
in quite a bit of

1282
00:33:23,835 --> 00:33:24,569
training recently.

1283
00:33:24,635 --> 00:33:25,903
Most recently in Iceland.

1284
00:33:25,970 --> 00:33:26,537
Could you talk a bit

1285
00:33:26,604 --> 00:33:27,305
about that for us?

1286
00:33:27,372 --> 00:33:28,106
>> Yeah, I'm so fortunate

1287
00:33:28,172 --> 00:33:28,840
to get to train

1288
00:33:28,906 --> 00:33:29,540
not only the astronauts,

1289
00:33:29,607 --> 00:33:30,308
but engineers,

1290
00:33:30,375 --> 00:33:31,642
flight controllers, operators

1291
00:33:31,709 --> 00:33:32,610
who are supporting Artemis.

1292
00:33:32,677 --> 00:33:33,778
But, most recently,

1293
00:33:33,845 --> 00:33:35,279
I was incredibly fortunate

1294
00:33:35,346 --> 00:33:36,481
to take place in training

1295
00:33:36,547 --> 00:33:37,815
our Artemis 2 crew,

1296
00:33:37,882 --> 00:33:38,783
who are, of course,

1297
00:33:38,850 --> 00:33:39,484
the next crew

1298
00:33:39,550 --> 00:33:40,451
to go to the moon.

1299
00:33:40,518 --> 00:33:41,152
They'll be traveling around

1300
00:33:41,219 --> 00:33:42,220
the far side and coming back.

1301
00:33:42,286 --> 00:33:43,521
So we had the prime crew

1302
00:33:43,588 --> 00:33:44,355
and the backup crew

1303
00:33:44,422 --> 00:33:45,990
out in the highlands of Iceland,

1304
00:33:46,057 --> 00:33:47,091
training them for their mission.

1305
00:33:47,158 --> 00:33:47,892
It's incredible.

1306
00:33:47,959 --> 00:33:48,926
>> That's a cool place to be.

1307
00:33:48,993 --> 00:33:49,894
>> I mean, just casually,

1308
00:33:49,961 --> 00:33:50,862
you know,

1309
00:33:50,928 --> 00:33:51,763
I'm gonna leave these things.

1310
00:33:51,829 --> 00:33:52,697
This is incredible.

1311
00:33:52,764 --> 00:33:53,698
>> I feel so fortunate.

1312
00:33:53,765 --> 00:33:54,966
And, uh, I think my favorite

1313
00:33:55,032 --> 00:33:55,633
part of the job

1314
00:33:55,700 --> 00:33:56,467
is all the amazing people

1315
00:33:56,534 --> 00:33:57,335
I get to work with.

1316
00:33:57,402 --> 00:33:58,236
It's incredible.

1317
00:33:58,302 --> 00:33:58,870
>> Yeah. so,

1318
00:33:58,936 --> 00:33:59,670
what are some of the science

1319
00:33:59,737 --> 00:34:00,471
that we're gonna be doing

1320
00:34:00,538 --> 00:34:01,472
during Artemis 2, specifically,

1321
00:34:01,539 --> 00:34:02,206
that we're gonna

1322
00:34:02,273 --> 00:34:02,974
get involved in?

1323
00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:04,142
>> So Artemis 2 is the next

1324
00:34:04,208 --> 00:34:05,009
mission out of the gate.

1325
00:34:05,076 --> 00:34:06,611
So we'll have astronauts

1326
00:34:06,677 --> 00:34:07,645
going to the moon,

1327
00:34:07,712 --> 00:34:08,880
going around the far side,

1328
00:34:08,946 --> 00:34:09,680
and coming back.

1329
00:34:09,747 --> 00:34:11,015
They'll get some great views

1330
00:34:11,082 --> 00:34:11,949
of the far side,

1331
00:34:12,016 --> 00:34:13,151
which human eyes don't

1332
00:34:13,217 --> 00:34:14,152
get to see a whole lot.

1333
00:34:14,218 --> 00:34:15,520
Not since Apollo has anyone

1334
00:34:15,586 --> 00:34:16,721
seen the far side of the moon.

1335
00:34:16,788 --> 00:34:18,122
So we're going to be asking

1336
00:34:18,189 --> 00:34:19,457
the astronauts to take pictures.

1337
00:34:19,524 --> 00:34:20,191
Of course.

1338
00:34:20,258 --> 00:34:21,125
We want that documented

1339
00:34:21,192 --> 00:34:22,026
since we all can't see it

1340
00:34:22,093 --> 00:34:23,027
back here on Earth.

1341
00:34:23,094 --> 00:34:24,028
And we want them to describe

1342
00:34:24,095 --> 00:34:24,796
what they're seeing.

1343
00:34:24,862 --> 00:34:25,696
So they'll be recording

1344
00:34:25,763 --> 00:34:26,564
their observations.

1345
00:34:26,631 --> 00:34:27,632
They'll be taking pictures.

1346
00:34:27,698 --> 00:34:29,267
They'll be annotating images

1347
00:34:29,333 --> 00:34:30,368
and maps of the moon.

1348
00:34:30,435 --> 00:34:31,569
And they'll all be doing that

1349
00:34:31,636 --> 00:34:33,037
around targets of interest

1350
00:34:33,104 --> 00:34:34,138
that us lunar scientists

1351
00:34:34,205 --> 00:34:35,339
and geologists care about

1352
00:34:35,406 --> 00:34:36,507
and are asking them to look at.

1353
00:34:36,574 --> 00:34:37,375
>> And so you're doing

1354
00:34:37,442 --> 00:34:38,509
this training in classrooms

1355
00:34:38,576 --> 00:34:40,211
and out in the field as well.

1356
00:34:40,278 --> 00:34:41,112
So you were just

1357
00:34:41,179 --> 00:34:42,346
out in the field with this,

1358
00:34:42,413 --> 00:34:43,414
uh, astronaut crew,

1359
00:34:43,481 --> 00:34:44,248
the Artemis 2 crew.

1360
00:34:44,315 --> 00:34:45,149
Can you tell us a little bit

1361
00:34:45,216 --> 00:34:46,050
what that was like?

1362
00:34:46,117 --> 00:34:46,984
>> It was amazing.

1363
00:34:47,051 --> 00:34:47,919
Yes, we do train them

1364
00:34:47,985 --> 00:34:48,619
in the classroom

1365
00:34:48,686 --> 00:34:49,253
and the field.

1366
00:34:49,320 --> 00:34:49,954
So they don't get out of

1367
00:34:50,021 --> 00:34:51,522
the classroom work, right,

1368
00:34:51,589 --> 00:34:52,723
to learn geology

1369
00:34:52,790 --> 00:34:53,691
and lunar science.

1370
00:34:53,758 --> 00:34:54,492
So we did have them

1371
00:34:54,559 --> 00:34:55,293
in the classroom first

1372
00:34:55,359 --> 00:34:56,394
and taught them a little bit

1373
00:34:56,461 --> 00:34:57,128
about the fundamentals

1374
00:34:57,195 --> 00:34:58,196
of lunar science,

1375
00:34:58,262 --> 00:34:59,397
lunar geography,

1376
00:34:59,464 --> 00:35:01,299
and also Iceland geology.

1377
00:35:01,365 --> 00:35:02,133
So they'd be prepared for

1378
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:03,034
the rocks they would see

1379
00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:03,868
in the field.

1380
00:35:03,935 --> 00:35:04,702
And then they--

1381
00:35:04,769 --> 00:35:05,603
we traveled to Iceland.

1382
00:35:05,670 --> 00:35:06,971
So we, you know,

1383
00:35:07,038 --> 00:35:07,839
flew into Reykjavik

1384
00:35:07,905 --> 00:35:08,539
and traveled up

1385
00:35:08,606 --> 00:35:09,640
into the Highlands.

1386
00:35:09,707 --> 00:35:11,609
We had them looking at complex

1387
00:35:11,676 --> 00:35:13,277
field geologic problems

1388
00:35:13,344 --> 00:35:14,479
to kind of get their

1389
00:35:14,545 --> 00:35:15,680
geology brains working.

1390
00:35:15,746 --> 00:35:17,048
Teach them about how to think

1391
00:35:17,114 --> 00:35:18,316
about science in the field.

1392
00:35:18,382 --> 00:35:19,851
How to unravel geologic

1393
00:35:19,917 --> 00:35:21,519
problems and questions,

1394
00:35:21,586 --> 00:35:23,154
make good observations

1395
00:35:23,221 --> 00:35:24,622
and take good pictures,

1396
00:35:24,689 --> 00:35:25,623
so that when they're flying

1397
00:35:25,690 --> 00:35:26,691
around the far side of the moon,

1398
00:35:26,757 --> 00:35:28,125
they can do that for us.

1399
00:35:28,192 --> 00:35:28,793
>> So it's back to school

1400
00:35:28,860 --> 00:35:29,360
for everyone,

1401
00:35:29,427 --> 00:35:30,094
including the astronauts.

1402
00:35:30,161 --> 00:35:30,761
>> Absolutely, yeah.

1403
00:35:30,828 --> 00:35:31,496
>> And so what is

1404
00:35:31,562 --> 00:35:32,263
really striking, I think,

1405
00:35:32,330 --> 00:35:32,997
and what I didn't

1406
00:35:33,064 --> 00:35:33,731
really expect is that

1407
00:35:33,798 --> 00:35:34,799
this is not a new program.

1408
00:35:34,866 --> 00:35:35,399
We've been doing this

1409
00:35:35,466 --> 00:35:36,067
since Apollo,

1410
00:35:36,133 --> 00:35:37,235
training astronauts in geology.

1411
00:35:37,301 --> 00:35:38,169
>> Yes and, actually,

1412
00:35:38,236 --> 00:35:39,170
all the way back to Apollo,

1413
00:35:39,237 --> 00:35:40,671
they visited this exact site

1414
00:35:40,738 --> 00:35:41,873
with the Apollo crews,

1415
00:35:41,939 --> 00:35:43,007
and they said it was the most

1416
00:35:43,074 --> 00:35:44,141
lunar like of the sites

1417
00:35:44,208 --> 00:35:45,409
they visited during training.

1418
00:35:45,476 --> 00:35:46,477
So we have that feedback

1419
00:35:46,544 --> 00:35:47,445
from them of having

1420
00:35:47,512 --> 00:35:48,212
been to Iceland,

1421
00:35:48,279 --> 00:35:48,946
then flown to the moon

1422
00:35:49,013 --> 00:35:50,147
and made that comparison.

1423
00:35:50,214 --> 00:35:51,215
But since Apollo,

1424
00:35:51,282 --> 00:35:52,650
we have been training crews.

1425
00:35:52,717 --> 00:35:53,584
So we, again,

1426
00:35:53,651 --> 00:35:54,485
classroom training.

1427
00:35:54,552 --> 00:35:55,253
Can't get out of that.

1428
00:35:55,319 --> 00:35:56,554
And field training as well.

1429
00:35:56,621 --> 00:35:57,788
So they-- before they fly to

1430
00:35:57,855 --> 00:35:58,756
International Space Station,

1431
00:35:58,823 --> 00:36:00,224
astronauts train in geology

1432
00:36:00,291 --> 00:36:00,992
as well.

1433
00:36:01,058 --> 00:36:01,859
And we're building

1434
00:36:01,926 --> 00:36:03,094
a new program for Artemis.

1435
00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:04,829
And so, new classroom content,

1436
00:36:04,896 --> 00:36:06,030
new field content.

1437
00:36:06,097 --> 00:36:07,498
We have five field sites

1438
00:36:07,565 --> 00:36:08,366
that we're fleshing out

1439
00:36:08,432 --> 00:36:09,667
to take Artemis crews to.

1440
00:36:09,734 --> 00:36:10,935
Iceland being one of them.

1441
00:36:11,002 --> 00:36:12,169
So it's a really exciting,

1442
00:36:12,236 --> 00:36:13,938
new landscape of training.

1443
00:36:14,005 --> 00:36:15,506
And we have an incredibly

1444
00:36:15,573 --> 00:36:16,774
amazing and diverse

1445
00:36:16,841 --> 00:36:17,675
group of trainers

1446
00:36:17,742 --> 00:36:19,110
to provide them that classroom

1447
00:36:19,176 --> 00:36:20,077
and field training.

1448
00:36:20,144 --> 00:36:21,279
>> Artemis 2 is not actually

1449
00:36:21,345 --> 00:36:22,680
going to land on the moon.

1450
00:36:22,747 --> 00:36:24,215
And yet, this is part of

1451
00:36:24,282 --> 00:36:25,383
their training regime.

1452
00:36:25,449 --> 00:36:26,450
And can you explain why

1453
00:36:26,517 --> 00:36:27,718
that's still so important,

1454
00:36:27,785 --> 00:36:28,819
even if you're not gonna be

1455
00:36:28,886 --> 00:36:29,620
walking on the moon,

1456
00:36:29,687 --> 00:36:30,488
to understand

1457
00:36:30,555 --> 00:36:31,322
what it looks like

1458
00:36:31,389 --> 00:36:32,223
to be walking around

1459
00:36:32,290 --> 00:36:33,324
in that type of environment?

1460
00:36:33,391 --> 00:36:34,125
>> Yeah.

1461
00:36:34,191 --> 00:36:35,092
So for the same reason we train

1462
00:36:35,159 --> 00:36:36,294
International Space Station

1463
00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:37,828
astronauts in geology and,

1464
00:36:37,895 --> 00:36:38,996
you know, field science,

1465
00:36:39,063 --> 00:36:39,897
Earth science, is because

1466
00:36:39,964 --> 00:36:40,965
they're taking pictures

1467
00:36:41,032 --> 00:36:42,466
from orbit on the International

1468
00:36:42,533 --> 00:36:43,267
Space Station.

1469
00:36:43,334 --> 00:36:44,135
We want them to,

1470
00:36:44,201 --> 00:36:44,902
while they're taking

1471
00:36:44,969 --> 00:36:45,603
the pictures,

1472
00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:46,504
understand what those features

1473
00:36:46,571 --> 00:36:47,438
look like from the ground.

1474
00:36:47,505 --> 00:36:48,239
So they know

1475
00:36:48,306 --> 00:36:49,073
what's interesting.

1476
00:36:49,140 --> 00:36:49,941
They know what scientists

1477
00:36:50,007 --> 00:36:50,741
back on Earth are gonna

1478
00:36:50,808 --> 00:36:52,276
care about in those images.

1479
00:36:52,343 --> 00:36:53,678
They understand the processes

1480
00:36:53,744 --> 00:36:54,712
that are taking place.

1481
00:36:54,779 --> 00:36:55,780
By the same token,

1482
00:36:55,846 --> 00:36:57,014
we want our lunar astronauts

1483
00:36:57,081 --> 00:36:58,115
to be able to understand

1484
00:36:58,182 --> 00:36:58,783
the terrain that

1485
00:36:58,849 --> 00:36:59,750
they're flying over,

1486
00:36:59,817 --> 00:37:00,985
and imaging and describing.

1487
00:37:01,052 --> 00:37:02,053
And the best way to do that

1488
00:37:02,119 --> 00:37:02,787
is to get their hands

1489
00:37:02,853 --> 00:37:03,621
on the rocks.

1490
00:37:03,688 --> 00:37:04,388
So we have them

1491
00:37:04,455 --> 00:37:05,056
out in the field,

1492
00:37:05,122 --> 00:37:06,123
looking at those rocks,

1493
00:37:06,190 --> 00:37:07,191
looking at those landscapes,

1494
00:37:07,258 --> 00:37:08,059
describing them,

1495
00:37:08,125 --> 00:37:09,794
saying geology words out loud,

1496
00:37:09,860 --> 00:37:10,962
taking good pictures

1497
00:37:11,028 --> 00:37:11,829
and understanding

1498
00:37:11,896 --> 00:37:13,064
what makes a good picture.

1499
00:37:13,130 --> 00:37:14,231
It's all really valuable

1500
00:37:14,298 --> 00:37:15,466
training to, you know,

1501
00:37:15,533 --> 00:37:17,401
put scientist-trained brains

1502
00:37:17,468 --> 00:37:19,003
around the moon.

1503
00:37:19,070 --> 00:37:19,770
>> And, obviously,

1504
00:37:19,837 --> 00:37:20,471
we can't simulate

1505
00:37:20,538 --> 00:37:21,305
the moon exactly.

1506
00:37:21,372 --> 00:37:22,173
The gravity conditions,

1507
00:37:22,239 --> 00:37:23,174
all these other things.

1508
00:37:23,240 --> 00:37:24,275
But I feel like you do

1509
00:37:24,342 --> 00:37:24,976
a pretty good job.

1510
00:37:25,042 --> 00:37:25,610
Even down to, like,

1511
00:37:25,676 --> 00:37:26,310
the lighting conditions

1512
00:37:26,377 --> 00:37:27,078
and the equipment.

1513
00:37:27,144 --> 00:37:27,745
It seems like everyone's

1514
00:37:27,812 --> 00:37:28,613
gowned up almost in

1515
00:37:28,679 --> 00:37:29,780
what they be wearing when

1516
00:37:29,847 --> 00:37:30,648
they're at the South Pole.

1517
00:37:30,715 --> 00:37:31,616
It's often at night that

1518
00:37:31,682 --> 00:37:32,683
you do these activities, too.

1519
00:37:32,750 --> 00:37:34,251
>> Yeah, so the jet activities

1520
00:37:34,318 --> 00:37:35,319
that we do out in Arizona,

1521
00:37:35,386 --> 00:37:36,220
we do try to simulate

1522
00:37:36,287 --> 00:37:37,421
the really challenging

1523
00:37:37,488 --> 00:37:38,489
illumination environment

1524
00:37:38,556 --> 00:37:39,323
that we expect

1525
00:37:39,390 --> 00:37:40,358
at the lunar south pole.

1526
00:37:40,424 --> 00:37:41,726
So we get not just our crew

1527
00:37:41,792 --> 00:37:42,893
used to those conditions,

1528
00:37:42,960 --> 00:37:44,028
but our flight control teams

1529
00:37:44,095 --> 00:37:44,829
as well.

1530
00:37:44,895 --> 00:37:45,830
The teams supporting from Earth

1531
00:37:45,896 --> 00:37:46,597
that are gonna have to

1532
00:37:46,664 --> 00:37:47,331
provide that, you know,

1533
00:37:47,398 --> 00:37:48,332
safety, navigation,

1534
00:37:48,399 --> 00:37:49,400
science support, all from

1535
00:37:49,467 --> 00:37:50,901
Mission Control Houston.

1536
00:37:50,968 --> 00:37:52,103
So the jet simulations

1537
00:37:52,169 --> 00:37:53,371
really enable us

1538
00:37:53,437 --> 00:37:54,605
to really get comfortable

1539
00:37:54,672 --> 00:37:55,406
in that environment,

1540
00:37:55,473 --> 00:37:56,941
and test the hardware that

1541
00:37:57,008 --> 00:37:57,842
the astronauts are gonna

1542
00:37:57,908 --> 00:37:58,876
need to use to, you know,

1543
00:37:58,943 --> 00:38:00,011
light their path.

1544
00:38:00,077 --> 00:38:01,078
>> I'm also curious about

1545
00:38:01,145 --> 00:38:03,080
your role and how this training

1546
00:38:03,147 --> 00:38:05,516
affects your preparations

1547
00:38:05,583 --> 00:38:06,817
for Artemis 2.

1548
00:38:06,884 --> 00:38:08,686
So you will be on a mic,

1549
00:38:08,753 --> 00:38:09,954
able to talk with astronauts

1550
00:38:10,021 --> 00:38:10,621
as they're going

1551
00:38:10,688 --> 00:38:11,722
around the moon.

1552
00:38:11,789 --> 00:38:12,423
I mean, this is

1553
00:38:12,490 --> 00:38:13,724
just so exciting.

1554
00:38:13,791 --> 00:38:15,593
And how is this--

1555
00:38:15,660 --> 00:38:16,494
I mean, this is, of course,

1556
00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:17,395
relationship building

1557
00:38:17,461 --> 00:38:18,162
and trust building.

1558
00:38:18,229 --> 00:38:19,830
Is there anything particular

1559
00:38:19,897 --> 00:38:21,632
that you are still, um,

1560
00:38:21,699 --> 00:38:23,401
working on as you're preparing?

1561
00:38:23,467 --> 00:38:24,468
>> Yeah.

1562
00:38:24,535 --> 00:38:25,469
So my role for Artemis 2,

1563
00:38:25,536 --> 00:38:26,404
I'm the lunar science lead,

1564
00:38:26,470 --> 00:38:27,304
and I will be one of

1565
00:38:27,371 --> 00:38:28,439
our science officers

1566
00:38:28,506 --> 00:38:29,373
in mission control

1567
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:30,307
during the mission.

1568
00:38:30,374 --> 00:38:31,342
So while I won't be

1569
00:38:31,409 --> 00:38:32,209
talking to the astronauts,

1570
00:38:32,276 --> 00:38:33,177
I will be talking to, like,

1571
00:38:33,244 --> 00:38:33,978
the flight director

1572
00:38:34,045 --> 00:38:34,745
and the CAPCOM

1573
00:38:34,812 --> 00:38:35,513
who are communicating

1574
00:38:35,579 --> 00:38:36,480
with the astronauts.

1575
00:38:36,547 --> 00:38:37,682
Speaking for lunar science

1576
00:38:37,748 --> 00:38:38,716
and geology,

1577
00:38:38,783 --> 00:38:40,117
I'm incredibly excited.

1578
00:38:40,184 --> 00:38:41,218
This is a new flight controller

1579
00:38:41,285 --> 00:38:42,153
position for Artemis,

1580
00:38:42,219 --> 00:38:43,087
and we're kind of the first

1581
00:38:43,154 --> 00:38:44,055
through the gate here.

1582
00:38:44,121 --> 00:38:45,189
We're so excited to be able

1583
00:38:45,256 --> 00:38:46,624
to integrate science

1584
00:38:46,691 --> 00:38:47,925
in this operational way

1585
00:38:47,992 --> 00:38:48,893
for Artemis

1586
00:38:48,959 --> 00:38:49,894
and for lunar science.

1587
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:50,928
And this Eisen trip,

1588
00:38:50,995 --> 00:38:52,029
you hit the nail on the head.

1589
00:38:52,096 --> 00:38:53,564
It's so important for, you know,

1590
00:38:53,631 --> 00:38:54,765
building relationships.

1591
00:38:54,832 --> 00:38:55,700
Not only with the crew,

1592
00:38:55,766 --> 00:38:57,068
but we had flight controllers

1593
00:38:57,134 --> 00:38:57,768
out there.

1594
00:38:57,835 --> 00:38:58,569
We had a flight director

1595
00:38:58,636 --> 00:38:59,270
out there.

1596
00:38:59,336 --> 00:38:59,937
We had the chief

1597
00:39:00,004 --> 00:39:00,638
training officer

1598
00:39:00,705 --> 00:39:01,572
for the astronauts, which

1599
00:39:01,639 --> 00:39:02,940
she plays a critical role

1600
00:39:03,007 --> 00:39:04,475
in their journey to the moon.

1601
00:39:04,542 --> 00:39:05,843
And it was just a really

1602
00:39:05,910 --> 00:39:06,944
wonderful environment

1603
00:39:07,011 --> 00:39:08,145
to all learn together.

1604
00:39:08,212 --> 00:39:09,680
Not just about the science,

1605
00:39:09,747 --> 00:39:10,948
but about team building,

1606
00:39:11,015 --> 00:39:12,183
expeditionary skills,

1607
00:39:12,249 --> 00:39:13,084
team skills.

1608
00:39:13,150 --> 00:39:14,251
How to work in these,

1609
00:39:14,318 --> 00:39:15,453
you know, high fidelity

1610
00:39:15,519 --> 00:39:16,854
and operational environments.

1611
00:39:16,921 --> 00:39:17,822
And it really, you know,

1612
00:39:17,888 --> 00:39:18,856
really brought the team,

1613
00:39:18,923 --> 00:39:19,924
it really gelled the team

1614
00:39:19,990 --> 00:39:20,825
together to work through

1615
00:39:20,891 --> 00:39:21,826
adverse conditions.

1616
00:39:21,892 --> 00:39:22,860
It's cold, it's rainy,

1617
00:39:22,927 --> 00:39:23,694
it's foggy.

1618
00:39:23,761 --> 00:39:24,562
We're all tired.

1619
00:39:24,628 --> 00:39:25,396
How are you gonna function

1620
00:39:25,463 --> 00:39:26,230
and still, you know,

1621
00:39:26,297 --> 00:39:27,431
conduct science operations

1622
00:39:27,498 --> 00:39:28,332
in these environments?

1623
00:39:28,399 --> 00:39:29,500
That was one of the biggest

1624
00:39:29,567 --> 00:39:30,501
impacts of the trip.

1625
00:39:30,568 --> 00:39:31,268
>> Yeah.

1626
00:39:31,335 --> 00:39:32,002
There's so much preparation

1627
00:39:32,069 --> 00:39:32,737
that goes into this.

1628
00:39:32,803 --> 00:39:33,537
Could you kind of walk through,

1629
00:39:33,604 --> 00:39:34,338
I guess, the schedule

1630
00:39:34,405 --> 00:39:35,406
for the next couple of years

1631
00:39:35,473 --> 00:39:36,707
leading up to Artemis II,

1632
00:39:36,774 --> 00:39:38,042
Artemis III, and beyond?

1633
00:39:38,109 --> 00:39:39,643
>> Artemis II will go around

1634
00:39:39,710 --> 00:39:40,444
the far side of the moon,

1635
00:39:40,511 --> 00:39:41,212
and Artemis III will

1636
00:39:41,278 --> 00:39:42,012
land on the moon.

1637
00:39:42,079 --> 00:39:43,948
We have a lot of work to do.

1638
00:39:44,014 --> 00:39:45,249
The Artemis II crew has,

1639
00:39:45,316 --> 00:39:46,484
of course, a lot of work.

1640
00:39:46,550 --> 00:39:48,486
We will provide more

1641
00:39:48,552 --> 00:39:49,420
science training to them,

1642
00:39:49,487 --> 00:39:50,321
specifically about their

1643
00:39:50,387 --> 00:39:51,255
mission objectives.

1644
00:39:51,322 --> 00:39:52,089
And then, of course,

1645
00:39:52,156 --> 00:39:53,524
after the Artemis II mission,

1646
00:39:53,591 --> 00:39:54,391
we'll turn our eyes

1647
00:39:54,458 --> 00:39:55,626
to the surface of the moon.

1648
00:39:55,693 --> 00:39:58,429
We have a whole really

1649
00:39:58,496 --> 00:40:00,097
integrated training regimen

1650
00:40:00,164 --> 00:40:00,798
planned for the

1651
00:40:00,865 --> 00:40:01,899
Artemis III crew.

1652
00:40:01,966 --> 00:40:03,234
That includes pure science.

1653
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:04,068
You know, classroom training

1654
00:40:04,135 --> 00:40:05,402
on lunar fundamentals,

1655
00:40:05,469 --> 00:40:07,238
lunar geography, geology,

1656
00:40:07,304 --> 00:40:09,173
field geology, and, of course,

1657
00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:09,974
field training.

1658
00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:11,509
But we also are integrated

1659
00:40:11,575 --> 00:40:13,077
with other operations teams,

1660
00:40:13,144 --> 00:40:14,712
specifically the EVA group,

1661
00:40:14,779 --> 00:40:15,746
or again, an acronym,

1662
00:40:15,813 --> 00:40:16,714
the Extravehicular

1663
00:40:16,781 --> 00:40:17,681
Activity Group.

1664
00:40:17,748 --> 00:40:19,517
So we're really joint with them

1665
00:40:19,583 --> 00:40:20,785
because a lot of the science

1666
00:40:20,851 --> 00:40:21,619
that the crew will be

1667
00:40:21,685 --> 00:40:22,620
conducting on the moon

1668
00:40:22,686 --> 00:40:24,789
is joint with EVA, right?

1669
00:40:24,855 --> 00:40:25,389
They'll be doing it

1670
00:40:25,456 --> 00:40:26,157
in their spacesuits,

1671
00:40:26,223 --> 00:40:27,224
out on the surface of the moon.

1672
00:40:27,291 --> 00:40:28,359
And so we really need to

1673
00:40:28,425 --> 00:40:29,660
speak each other's languages.

1674
00:40:29,727 --> 00:40:30,594
You know, as a science

1675
00:40:30,661 --> 00:40:31,462
flight controller,

1676
00:40:31,529 --> 00:40:32,863
I need to understand, you know,

1677
00:40:32,930 --> 00:40:33,864
the operational environment

1678
00:40:33,931 --> 00:40:34,698
they're in, the dangerous

1679
00:40:34,765 --> 00:40:35,699
environment they're in,

1680
00:40:35,766 --> 00:40:37,134
and what those constraints are.

1681
00:40:37,201 --> 00:40:38,202
And by the same token,

1682
00:40:38,269 --> 00:40:39,503
all of those other operators

1683
00:40:39,570 --> 00:40:40,871
need to understand the science

1684
00:40:40,938 --> 00:40:41,806
and why we're there,

1685
00:40:41,872 --> 00:40:42,907
why we're asking them to pick up

1686
00:40:42,973 --> 00:40:44,842
that 12th regolith sample

1687
00:40:44,909 --> 00:40:46,877
and take that third drive tube.

1688
00:40:46,944 --> 00:40:47,978
So we're really--

1689
00:40:48,045 --> 00:40:48,746
it's about language

1690
00:40:48,813 --> 00:40:49,647
and culture building.

1691
00:40:49,713 --> 00:40:50,614
>> And there's a lot of thought

1692
00:40:50,681 --> 00:40:51,448
that goes into even just

1693
00:40:51,515 --> 00:40:52,817
the design of simple tools,

1694
00:40:52,883 --> 00:40:53,517
like a hammer.

1695
00:40:53,584 --> 00:40:54,151
I remember talking with

1696
00:40:54,218 --> 00:40:55,019
our tools engineer before

1697
00:40:55,085 --> 00:40:56,120
about just the simplicity

1698
00:40:56,187 --> 00:40:57,354
of things that you think

1699
00:40:57,421 --> 00:40:57,922
you could just

1700
00:40:57,988 --> 00:40:58,556
pick up any hammer,

1701
00:40:58,622 --> 00:40:59,356
but everything has to be

1702
00:40:59,423 --> 00:41:00,191
very specialized

1703
00:41:00,257 --> 00:41:01,592
to that exact mission.

1704
00:41:01,659 --> 00:41:02,393
>> Scientists are

1705
00:41:02,459 --> 00:41:03,427
so high maintenance.

1706
00:41:03,494 --> 00:41:04,728
We have so many requirements.

1707
00:41:04,795 --> 00:41:05,663
Yes, we have to be able to

1708
00:41:05,729 --> 00:41:06,931
get the right type of sample

1709
00:41:06,997 --> 00:41:08,532
with minimizing contamination,

1710
00:41:08,599 --> 00:41:09,166
right?

1711
00:41:09,233 --> 00:41:10,401
'Cause you don't want the human

1712
00:41:10,467 --> 00:41:11,635
to contaminate the sample.

1713
00:41:11,702 --> 00:41:12,436
You don't want the samples

1714
00:41:12,503 --> 00:41:13,604
to contaminate each other.

1715
00:41:13,671 --> 00:41:14,705
'Cause then when you get that

1716
00:41:14,772 --> 00:41:15,439
back to the lab,

1717
00:41:15,506 --> 00:41:16,373
you wanna make sure you're-you

1718
00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:17,508
know what you're looking at.

1719
00:41:17,575 --> 00:41:19,043
And, again, it's about

1720
00:41:19,109 --> 00:41:19,910
building this culture

1721
00:41:19,977 --> 00:41:20,811
and common language.

1722
00:41:20,878 --> 00:41:22,012
We want the tools engineers

1723
00:41:22,079 --> 00:41:23,013
to understand why

1724
00:41:23,080 --> 00:41:23,914
scientists are saying,

1725
00:41:23,981 --> 00:41:24,815
hey, can you please

1726
00:41:24,882 --> 00:41:26,016
build in these requirements

1727
00:41:26,083 --> 00:41:26,717
when you think about

1728
00:41:26,784 --> 00:41:27,551
these tools?

1729
00:41:27,618 --> 00:41:28,552
And we do that through not

1730
00:41:28,619 --> 00:41:30,154
just meetings in the office,

1731
00:41:30,221 --> 00:41:31,455
but taking them into the field

1732
00:41:31,522 --> 00:41:32,156
and teaching them

1733
00:41:32,223 --> 00:41:32,957
about geology.

1734
00:41:33,023 --> 00:41:34,291
So, again, it's so much more

1735
00:41:34,358 --> 00:41:35,559
than training the astronauts.

1736
00:41:35,626 --> 00:41:36,427
It's really creating

1737
00:41:36,493 --> 00:41:37,228
this culture,

1738
00:41:37,294 --> 00:41:38,662
this shared language of lunar

1739
00:41:38,729 --> 00:41:39,830
science and exploration,

1740
00:41:39,897 --> 00:41:41,732
as an exploration team.

1741
00:41:41,799 --> 00:41:42,900
>> So as a member of

1742
00:41:42,967 --> 00:41:44,168
the Artemis team,

1743
00:41:44,235 --> 00:41:45,569
what is something you really

1744
00:41:45,636 --> 00:41:46,971
want people to know about,

1745
00:41:47,037 --> 00:41:47,872
To be excited about?

1746
00:41:47,938 --> 00:41:49,139
Something that is coming up

1747
00:41:49,206 --> 00:41:50,441
that-that people around

1748
00:41:50,507 --> 00:41:51,942
the world should be aware of.

1749
00:41:52,009 --> 00:41:54,378
>> I think one thing that often

1750
00:41:54,445 --> 00:41:55,713
people can find surprising,

1751
00:41:55,779 --> 00:41:56,680
in my experience,

1752
00:41:56,747 --> 00:41:57,748
is how much we have left

1753
00:41:57,815 --> 00:41:59,550
to learn about the moon.

1754
00:41:59,617 --> 00:42:01,151
It's, you know, the perception

1755
00:42:01,218 --> 00:42:02,920
that we went to six

1756
00:42:02,987 --> 00:42:03,787
different locations

1757
00:42:03,854 --> 00:42:05,189
on the equatorial near side

1758
00:42:05,256 --> 00:42:06,023
with the Apollo missions

1759
00:42:06,090 --> 00:42:07,057
and learned everything there

1760
00:42:07,124 --> 00:42:07,858
is to know about the moon

1761
00:42:07,925 --> 00:42:08,826
could not be further

1762
00:42:08,893 --> 00:42:09,660
from the truth.

1763
00:42:09,727 --> 00:42:10,728
We visited a very narrow

1764
00:42:10,794 --> 00:42:11,729
part of the moon.

1765
00:42:11,795 --> 00:42:13,230
The Artemis missions will

1766
00:42:13,297 --> 00:42:14,265
go to the lunar south pole.

1767
00:42:14,331 --> 00:42:15,199
This is a completely

1768
00:42:15,266 --> 00:42:16,433
different geologic

1769
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:18,002
and geographic environment

1770
00:42:18,068 --> 00:42:19,336
than we visited with Apollo.

1771
00:42:19,403 --> 00:42:20,537
And one of my, I think,

1772
00:42:20,604 --> 00:42:21,805
my favorite, most inspiring

1773
00:42:21,872 --> 00:42:22,873
facts about what the crew

1774
00:42:22,940 --> 00:42:24,208
will be doing during Artemis

1775
00:42:24,275 --> 00:42:25,509
is we can learn about

1776
00:42:25,576 --> 00:42:26,343
our own planet

1777
00:42:26,410 --> 00:42:27,444
by visiting the moon.

1778
00:42:27,511 --> 00:42:28,312
Things that we can't learn

1779
00:42:28,379 --> 00:42:29,079
on our own planet.

1780
00:42:29,146 --> 00:42:29,947
Things that plate tectonics,

1781
00:42:30,014 --> 00:42:30,781
that oceans,

1782
00:42:30,848 --> 00:42:32,182
that vegetation have obscured

1783
00:42:32,249 --> 00:42:33,150
and long since erased

1784
00:42:33,217 --> 00:42:34,285
in our geologic record

1785
00:42:34,351 --> 00:42:35,686
are actually preserved

1786
00:42:35,753 --> 00:42:36,654
on the surface of the moon.

1787
00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:38,355
So by doing an EVA

1788
00:42:38,422 --> 00:42:39,189
and picking up samples

1789
00:42:39,256 --> 00:42:40,791
on an-on an Artemis mission,

1790
00:42:40,858 --> 00:42:41,659
we'll be learning things

1791
00:42:41,725 --> 00:42:42,459
about the history

1792
00:42:42,526 --> 00:42:43,160
of our own planet,

1793
00:42:43,227 --> 00:42:43,994
which I just find

1794
00:42:44,061 --> 00:42:45,796
incredibly inspiring.

1795
00:42:45,863 --> 00:42:47,031
>> Going to the moon to learn

1796
00:42:47,097 --> 00:42:48,198
about the Earth. Love it.

1797
00:42:48,265 --> 00:42:49,099
>> Yes, exactly. Yeah.

1798
00:42:49,166 --> 00:42:49,800
>> I think astronaut,

1799
00:42:49,867 --> 00:42:50,467
Jessica Watkins,

1800
00:42:50,534 --> 00:42:51,502
described in our interview

1801
00:42:51,568 --> 00:42:52,569
before as if like a space

1802
00:42:52,636 --> 00:42:53,637
traveler visited Earth,

1803
00:42:53,704 --> 00:42:54,939
saw Kansas, and was like,

1804
00:42:55,005 --> 00:42:56,073
all right, that's everything.

1805
00:42:56,140 --> 00:42:56,674
>> Check the box.

1806
00:42:56,740 --> 00:42:57,341
>> Yeah, that's everything.

1807
00:42:57,408 --> 00:42:57,975
There's so much more

1808
00:42:58,042 --> 00:42:58,609
to discover.

1809
00:42:58,676 --> 00:42:59,443
So I guess, what are you most

1810
00:42:59,510 --> 00:43:01,011
excited about discovering?

1811
00:43:01,078 --> 00:43:03,881
>> I-- my geologic background

1812
00:43:03,948 --> 00:43:05,249
when I was coming up

1813
00:43:05,316 --> 00:43:06,283
through graduate school

1814
00:43:06,350 --> 00:43:07,484
was impact cratering.

1815
00:43:07,551 --> 00:43:09,219
So that's a geologic process

1816
00:43:09,286 --> 00:43:10,788
that has just covered the moon.

1817
00:43:10,854 --> 00:43:12,356
Every step an Artemis astronaut

1818
00:43:12,423 --> 00:43:13,691
takes will be impacted

1819
00:43:13,757 --> 00:43:14,825
by impact craters.

1820
00:43:14,892 --> 00:43:16,660
So, I-- that's a process that's

1821
00:43:16,727 --> 00:43:17,728
near and dear to my heart.

1822
00:43:17,795 --> 00:43:18,662
And, specifically,

1823
00:43:18,729 --> 00:43:19,964
there is an extremely

1824
00:43:20,030 --> 00:43:22,066
large impact basin, uh,

1825
00:43:22,132 --> 00:43:22,933
near the south pole

1826
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:23,600
of the moon.

1827
00:43:23,667 --> 00:43:24,802
The South Pole-Aitken Basin.

1828
00:43:24,868 --> 00:43:26,837
And constraining the age of

1829
00:43:26,904 --> 00:43:28,405
this basin will allow us

1830
00:43:28,472 --> 00:43:29,740
to anchor chronology,

1831
00:43:29,807 --> 00:43:31,008
the history of the entire

1832
00:43:31,075 --> 00:43:32,142
solar system.

1833
00:43:32,209 --> 00:43:33,444
So I am hungry for

1834
00:43:33,510 --> 00:43:35,279
that SPA sample, yeah.

1835
00:43:35,346 --> 00:43:36,613
>> Absolutely.

1836
00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:37,681
So much ahead,

1837
00:43:37,748 --> 00:43:38,649
So much ahead.

1838
00:43:38,716 --> 00:43:39,883
>> And in the meantime,

1839
00:43:39,950 --> 00:43:41,051
I guess while we're waiting

1840
00:43:41,118 --> 00:43:42,119
in the wings here,

1841
00:43:42,186 --> 00:43:43,354
we can be observing the moon.

1842
00:43:43,420 --> 00:43:44,955
So, today is International.

1843
00:43:45,022 --> 00:43:45,889
Observe the Moon Night.

1844
00:43:45,956 --> 00:43:47,157
What makes you so excited

1845
00:43:47,224 --> 00:43:48,092
about observing the moon?

1846
00:43:48,158 --> 00:43:49,193
>> Observing the moon--

1847
00:43:49,259 --> 00:43:49,960
I mean, the moon is something

1848
00:43:50,027 --> 00:43:51,528
that every human being on

1849
00:43:51,595 --> 00:43:52,863
Earth has a connection to,

1850
00:43:52,930 --> 00:43:53,530
and I find that

1851
00:43:53,597 --> 00:43:54,498
extremely inspiring.

1852
00:43:54,565 --> 00:43:55,299
I mean, for me,

1853
00:43:55,366 --> 00:43:57,101
astronauts are going there.

1854
00:43:57,167 --> 00:43:58,202
I'm spending my professional

1855
00:43:58,268 --> 00:43:59,236
life right now dedicated

1856
00:43:59,303 --> 00:44:00,504
to enabling that pursuit

1857
00:44:00,571 --> 00:44:01,572
of exploration, specifically

1858
00:44:01,638 --> 00:44:02,639
of our nearest

1859
00:44:02,706 --> 00:44:03,640
celestial neighbor.

1860
00:44:03,707 --> 00:44:04,742
That is extremely

1861
00:44:04,808 --> 00:44:06,010
inspiring to me.

1862
00:44:06,076 --> 00:44:07,044
But closer to home, you know,

1863
00:44:07,111 --> 00:44:08,112
it's a connection point.

1864
00:44:08,178 --> 00:44:08,712
It's something that

1865
00:44:08,779 --> 00:44:09,513
everybody can look at

1866
00:44:09,580 --> 00:44:10,514
and experience together,

1867
00:44:10,581 --> 00:44:11,982
which is why I love

1868
00:44:12,049 --> 00:44:12,983
International Observe the Moon

1869
00:44:13,050 --> 00:44:14,084
Night so deeply.

1870
00:44:14,151 --> 00:44:15,085
I have young children.

1871
00:44:15,152 --> 00:44:16,353
It's inspiring to know that

1872
00:44:16,420 --> 00:44:17,354
they will grow up learning

1873
00:44:17,421 --> 00:44:19,023
about this-this feature

1874
00:44:19,089 --> 00:44:19,957
that's so important to me,

1875
00:44:20,024 --> 00:44:20,791
but also so important

1876
00:44:20,858 --> 00:44:21,959
to people everywhere.

1877
00:44:22,026 --> 00:44:23,260
And it's just-- it's a day

1878
00:44:23,327 --> 00:44:24,695
where we can all share

1879
00:44:24,762 --> 00:44:25,763
this experience together.

1880
00:44:25,829 --> 00:44:26,864
>> Awesome.

1881
00:44:26,930 --> 00:44:27,998
Well, thank you so much

1882
00:44:28,065 --> 00:44:28,732
for taking the time.

1883
00:44:28,799 --> 00:44:29,733
Best of luck with all

1884
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:30,701
the training going forward

1885
00:44:30,768 --> 00:44:31,668
for Artemis II, Artemis III,

1886
00:44:31,735 --> 00:44:32,603
and beyond.

1887
00:44:32,669 --> 00:44:33,704
And enjoy observing

1888
00:44:33,771 --> 00:44:34,505
the moon tonight.

1889
00:44:34,571 --> 00:44:35,205
>> Thanks for having me,

1890
00:44:35,272 --> 00:44:35,939
and you, too.

1891
00:44:36,006 --> 00:44:36,840
>> This past year has been

1892
00:44:36,907 --> 00:44:38,642
a big year for eclipses.

1893
00:44:38,709 --> 00:44:39,543
We had both an

1894
00:44:39,610 --> 00:44:40,511
annular eclipse,

1895
00:44:40,577 --> 00:44:41,278
when the moon passes

1896
00:44:41,345 --> 00:44:42,312
in front of the sun,

1897
00:44:42,379 --> 00:44:43,647
but does not completely

1898
00:44:43,714 --> 00:44:44,348
cover it,

1899
00:44:44,415 --> 00:44:46,050
leaving a glowing ring,

1900
00:44:46,116 --> 00:44:48,118
and a total solar eclipse

1901
00:44:48,185 --> 00:44:49,686
in early April of this year.

1902
00:44:49,753 --> 00:44:50,754
>> It's the heliophysics

1903
00:44:50,821 --> 00:44:51,688
big year, and I was actually

1904
00:44:51,755 --> 00:44:52,723
lucky enough to see

1905
00:44:52,790 --> 00:44:54,391
the annular eclipse, in person,

1906
00:44:54,458 --> 00:44:55,559
in Kerrville, Texas,

1907
00:44:55,626 --> 00:44:57,094
which was a pretty mind-blowing

1908
00:44:57,161 --> 00:44:58,128
experience to see live

1909
00:44:58,195 --> 00:44:59,396
as part of NASA's

1910
00:44:59,463 --> 00:45:00,764
coverage of the event.

1911
00:45:00,831 --> 00:45:01,799
And so, here are some

1912
00:45:01,865 --> 00:45:02,966
incredible highlights

1913
00:45:03,033 --> 00:45:04,234
from that awesome day.

1914
00:45:08,138 --> 00:45:09,773
>> Once in a lifetime

1915
00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:10,841
for all of us

1916
00:45:10,908 --> 00:45:12,242
to be experiencing this.

1917
00:45:17,981 --> 00:45:19,083
>> It's a "ball-luner" eclipse.

1918
00:45:19,149 --> 00:45:20,284
>> Oh, yeah.

1919
00:45:25,089 --> 00:45:26,256
>> Look at that. We're making

1920
00:45:26,323 --> 00:45:27,424
a cloud right here today.

1921
00:45:34,064 --> 00:45:34,798
>> Now that the annular

1922
00:45:34,865 --> 00:45:35,833
eclipse is here,

1923
00:45:35,899 --> 00:45:37,401
the fun has just begun.

1924
00:45:37,468 --> 00:45:39,036
So today is the official

1925
00:45:39,103 --> 00:45:39,903
launch of NASA's

1926
00:45:39,970 --> 00:45:41,238
heliophysics big year.

1927
00:45:41,305 --> 00:45:42,806
>> Folks, we are moments away

1928
00:45:42,873 --> 00:45:44,274
from the start of today's

1929
00:45:44,341 --> 00:45:45,409
annular eclipse.

1930
00:45:45,476 --> 00:45:46,110
>> That's going out

1931
00:45:46,176 --> 00:45:46,910
into deep space.

1932
00:45:46,977 --> 00:45:47,511
But these rockets--

1933
00:45:47,578 --> 00:45:48,245
>> There it goes.

1934
00:45:48,312 --> 00:45:48,846
>> It was just launched,

1935
00:45:48,912 --> 00:45:49,480
actually.

1936
00:45:49,546 --> 00:45:50,047
>> Perfect.

1937
00:45:50,114 --> 00:45:50,848
We'll have three launches

1938
00:45:50,914 --> 00:45:51,682
during the eclipse.

1939
00:45:51,748 --> 00:45:52,883
Studying that upper atmosphere,

1940
00:45:52,950 --> 00:45:54,151
ionosphere.

1941
00:45:54,218 --> 00:45:55,385
Kind of see what are

1942
00:45:55,452 --> 00:45:56,620
the impacts from the sun.

1943
00:46:02,226 --> 00:46:04,728
[ cheering ]

1944
00:46:06,663 --> 00:46:07,731
>> This is negative Doppler

1945
00:46:07,798 --> 00:46:09,099
shift due to the eclipse

1946
00:46:09,166 --> 00:46:10,200
passing overhead.

1947
00:46:13,170 --> 00:46:16,406
>> Four, three, two, one!

1948
00:46:16,473 --> 00:46:19,409
[ cheering ]

1949
00:46:19,476 --> 00:46:20,177
>> Tina, I thought

1950
00:46:20,244 --> 00:46:21,011
I'd have goosebumps,

1951
00:46:21,078 --> 00:46:22,212
but I'm literally shaking.

1952
00:46:22,279 --> 00:46:23,747
This is crazy.

1953
00:46:23,814 --> 00:46:25,682
>> I know.

1954
00:46:25,749 --> 00:46:27,217
>> It's about the community

1955
00:46:27,284 --> 00:46:28,185
and being communal.

1956
00:46:28,252 --> 00:46:29,386
And just the unity of

1957
00:46:29,453 --> 00:46:31,088
hearing everybody cheer.

1958
00:46:31,155 --> 00:46:32,656
The sun touches us all

1959
00:46:32,723 --> 00:46:34,391
in so many different ways.

1960
00:46:34,458 --> 00:46:35,526
And so, the heliophysics

1961
00:46:35,592 --> 00:46:37,227
big year is going to help us

1962
00:46:37,294 --> 00:46:38,795
kind of discover all the ways

1963
00:46:38,862 --> 00:46:39,763
the sun touches us

1964
00:46:39,830 --> 00:46:40,764
scientifically,

1965
00:46:40,831 --> 00:46:42,399
but in other ways as well.

1966
00:46:44,735 --> 00:46:45,669
>> We also witnessed

1967
00:46:45,736 --> 00:46:46,904
a total solar eclipse

1968
00:46:46,970 --> 00:46:48,472
across America on April 8th

1969
00:46:48,539 --> 00:46:49,173
of this year.

1970
00:46:49,239 --> 00:46:50,007
And I was there

1971
00:46:50,073 --> 00:46:50,841
to track this eclipse

1972
00:46:50,908 --> 00:46:52,309
with a huge crew of NASA

1973
00:46:52,376 --> 00:46:53,243
team members stationed

1974
00:46:53,310 --> 00:46:54,912
across the path of totality.

1975
00:46:54,978 --> 00:46:56,079
Andrea, it was

1976
00:46:56,146 --> 00:46:56,914
a mind-blowing experience

1977
00:46:56,980 --> 00:46:57,714
to see that live,

1978
00:46:57,781 --> 00:46:58,849
and it's one that actually

1979
00:46:58,916 --> 00:46:59,917
is not going to happen again

1980
00:46:59,983 --> 00:47:00,751
here in the United States

1981
00:47:00,817 --> 00:47:01,685
for a very long time,

1982
00:47:01,752 --> 00:47:02,386
unfortunately.

1983
00:47:02,452 --> 00:47:03,687
Not until the 2040's.

1984
00:47:03,754 --> 00:47:04,922
So if you missed out on that,

1985
00:47:04,988 --> 00:47:06,590
or if you found yourself

1986
00:47:06,657 --> 00:47:08,091
off the path of totality,

1987
00:47:08,158 --> 00:47:09,793
here's what it looked like.

1988
00:47:09,860 --> 00:47:10,661
>> Welcome to live coverage

1989
00:47:10,727 --> 00:47:11,795
of the celestial event

1990
00:47:11,862 --> 00:47:12,529
of the year,

1991
00:47:12,596 --> 00:47:14,364
the total solar eclipse.

1992
00:47:14,431 --> 00:47:15,666
Today, NASA and the

1993
00:47:15,732 --> 00:47:16,800
Great Lakes Science Center

1994
00:47:16,867 --> 00:47:18,302
is hosting this free outdoor

1995
00:47:18,368 --> 00:47:19,336
event for the community

1996
00:47:19,403 --> 00:47:20,204
to experience

1997
00:47:20,270 --> 00:47:21,572
the total solar eclipse.

1998
00:47:21,638 --> 00:47:23,173
We will follow the moon's shadow

1999
00:47:23,240 --> 00:47:24,508
as it races across

2000
00:47:24,575 --> 00:47:26,176
North America.

2001
00:47:26,243 --> 00:47:27,578
>> We're live from the Kerrville

2002
00:47:27,644 --> 00:47:28,712
Eclipse Festival.

2003
00:47:28,779 --> 00:47:29,880
>> We are at the Indianapolis

2004
00:47:29,947 --> 00:47:31,081
Motor Speedway.

2005
00:47:31,148 --> 00:47:32,049
>> Things are looking

2006
00:47:32,115 --> 00:47:33,116
absolutely fabulous.

2007
00:47:33,183 --> 00:47:34,718
>> We are here at Niagara Falls.

2008
00:47:34,785 --> 00:47:35,719
>> Crowds are piling

2009
00:47:35,786 --> 00:47:36,787
into the stadium.

2010
00:47:36,853 --> 00:47:37,821
>> The solar corona is

2011
00:47:37,888 --> 00:47:38,722
gonna look very cool today.

2012
00:47:38,789 --> 00:47:39,356
It's gonna look cooler

2013
00:47:39,423 --> 00:47:40,390
than it did last time.

2014
00:47:40,457 --> 00:47:41,091
>> You guys ready

2015
00:47:41,158 --> 00:47:41,692
for an eclipse?

2016
00:47:41,758 --> 00:47:44,695
[ cheering ]

2017
00:47:44,761 --> 00:47:46,997
>> Four, three, two, one...

2018
00:47:47,064 --> 00:47:47,831
>> Here we go!

2019
00:47:47,898 --> 00:47:49,499
>> Wow.

2020
00:47:49,566 --> 00:47:50,701
Look at that.

2021
00:47:50,767 --> 00:47:51,735
Fantastic.

2022
00:47:51,802 --> 00:47:52,669
>> Oh, my God, it's gorgeous.

2023
00:47:52,736 --> 00:47:53,604
>> Oh, my God.

2024
00:47:57,641 --> 00:47:58,475
>> I think we're very fortunate

2025
00:47:58,542 --> 00:47:59,543
to be here at this

2026
00:47:59,610 --> 00:48:00,877
special vantage point

2027
00:48:00,944 --> 00:48:02,779
to see such a special event.

2028
00:48:07,918 --> 00:48:08,752
>> Oh, my gosh,

2029
00:48:08,819 --> 00:48:10,287
that is gorgeous.

2030
00:48:18,228 --> 00:48:18,962
>> So we hope you were

2031
00:48:19,029 --> 00:48:19,730
able to participate

2032
00:48:19,796 --> 00:48:20,831
in this year's eclipse.

2033
00:48:20,897 --> 00:48:22,332
However, if you weren't,

2034
00:48:22,399 --> 00:48:23,433
don't worry.

2035
00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:25,302
NASA has plenty of amazing

2036
00:48:25,369 --> 00:48:26,403
citizen science projects

2037
00:48:26,470 --> 00:48:27,471
for you to get involved with.

2038
00:48:27,537 --> 00:48:28,305
Including...

2039
00:48:28,372 --> 00:48:29,773
>> Yeah, we have one right up

2040
00:48:29,840 --> 00:48:30,674
on our website today

2041
00:48:30,741 --> 00:48:32,075
called MoonDiff.

2042
00:48:32,142 --> 00:48:33,143
So this is a program

2043
00:48:33,210 --> 00:48:34,611
where you can help NASA

2044
00:48:34,678 --> 00:48:37,147
identify new impact craters

2045
00:48:37,214 --> 00:48:37,948
that have been forming

2046
00:48:38,015 --> 00:48:38,615
on the moon

2047
00:48:38,682 --> 00:48:39,916
over the past 15 years,

2048
00:48:39,983 --> 00:48:40,984
through Lunar Reconnaissance

2049
00:48:41,051 --> 00:48:41,885
Orbiter data,

2050
00:48:41,952 --> 00:48:43,420
and also just different changes

2051
00:48:43,487 --> 00:48:44,388
to the lunar surface.

2052
00:48:44,454 --> 00:48:45,255
What is happening?

2053
00:48:45,322 --> 00:48:46,156
What should we be tracking?

2054
00:48:46,223 --> 00:48:47,090
What can we learn

2055
00:48:47,157 --> 00:48:48,492
about our dynamic moon?

2056
00:48:48,558 --> 00:48:49,192
>> And, yeah, so if you

2057
00:48:49,259 --> 00:48:50,661
weren't satisfied with just

2058
00:48:50,727 --> 00:48:51,895
one day of International

2059
00:48:51,962 --> 00:48:52,629
Observe the Moon Night

2060
00:48:52,696 --> 00:48:53,230
and you want to get

2061
00:48:53,297 --> 00:48:53,897
involved with us

2062
00:48:53,964 --> 00:48:54,765
beyond just tonight,

2063
00:48:54,831 --> 00:48:55,565
what are some ways that

2064
00:48:55,632 --> 00:48:56,667
people can get in touch,

2065
00:48:56,733 --> 00:48:57,634
I guess, share things,

2066
00:48:57,701 --> 00:48:58,769
share their photos from today

2067
00:48:58,835 --> 00:48:59,703
and beyond?

2068
00:48:59,770 --> 00:49:00,637
>> Certainly there's lots

2069
00:49:00,704 --> 00:49:01,672
of places to share.

2070
00:49:01,738 --> 00:49:03,073
>> Today, we're tracking

2071
00:49:03,140 --> 00:49:04,608
#ObserveTheMoon on lots of

2072
00:49:04,675 --> 00:49:05,876
social media platforms.

2073
00:49:05,942 --> 00:49:06,710
So I hope you're

2074
00:49:06,777 --> 00:49:07,544
sharing with us

2075
00:49:07,611 --> 00:49:08,645
how you're observing the moon

2076
00:49:08,712 --> 00:49:09,680
and finding out

2077
00:49:09,746 --> 00:49:10,347
what people are doing

2078
00:49:10,414 --> 00:49:11,548
around the world right now.

2079
00:49:11,615 --> 00:49:13,183
And throughout the year,

2080
00:49:13,250 --> 00:49:14,017
keep in touch with us

2081
00:49:14,084 --> 00:49:15,452
on NASA moon social media

2082
00:49:15,519 --> 00:49:16,753
and also our website,

2083
00:49:16,820 --> 00:49:18,789
science.nasa.gov/moon.

2084
00:49:18,855 --> 00:49:19,790
>> So there's plenty of ways

2085
00:49:19,856 --> 00:49:20,657
for you to get involved

2086
00:49:20,724 --> 00:49:21,525
with these citizen

2087
00:49:21,591 --> 00:49:22,225
science projects,

2088
00:49:22,292 --> 00:49:22,959
but we actually have

2089
00:49:23,026 --> 00:49:25,028
a crew of four NASA astronauts

2090
00:49:25,095 --> 00:49:26,363
preparing to make the trek

2091
00:49:26,430 --> 00:49:27,431
to the moon to conduct

2092
00:49:27,497 --> 00:49:28,699
new science experiments

2093
00:49:28,765 --> 00:49:29,800
and observations

2094
00:49:29,866 --> 00:49:31,301
with the upcoming Artemis II

2095
00:49:31,368 --> 00:49:33,437
and Artemis III missions.

2096
00:49:33,503 --> 00:49:34,971
So, let's meet our crew.

2097
00:49:37,741 --> 00:49:50,954
[ music ]

2098
00:49:51,021 --> 00:49:52,622
>> I'm Christina Koch.

2099
00:49:52,689 --> 00:49:54,324
I'm a mission specialist.

2100
00:49:54,391 --> 00:49:56,093
>> I'm Jeremy Hansen,

2101
00:49:56,159 --> 00:49:58,562
I'm a mission specialist.

2102
00:49:58,628 --> 00:50:00,063
>> I'm Victor Glover.

2103
00:50:00,130 --> 00:50:01,832
I'm the pilot.

2104
00:50:01,898 --> 00:50:03,100
>> I'm Reed Wiseman.

2105
00:50:03,166 --> 00:50:03,934
I'm the commander for

2106
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:04,768
the Artemis II mission

2107
00:50:04,835 --> 00:50:05,869
to the moon.

2108
00:50:05,936 --> 00:50:06,503
>> To the moon.

2109
00:50:06,570 --> 00:50:07,070
>> To the moon.

2110
00:50:07,137 --> 00:50:08,038
>> To the moon.

2111
00:50:10,006 --> 00:50:23,353
[ music ]

2112
00:50:35,966 --> 00:50:37,100
>> When I was young,

2113
00:50:37,167 --> 00:50:38,435
I had a poster of

2114
00:50:38,502 --> 00:50:39,970
the Earthrise picture.

2115
00:50:40,036 --> 00:50:41,004
The famous picture that was

2116
00:50:41,071 --> 00:50:42,806
taken on Apollo 8.

2117
00:50:42,873 --> 00:50:44,107
And the fact that it was

2118
00:50:44,174 --> 00:50:45,409
a human behind the lens

2119
00:50:45,475 --> 00:50:46,810
that made that picture

2120
00:50:46,877 --> 00:50:48,011
so profound and changed

2121
00:50:48,078 --> 00:50:49,646
how we all thought of

2122
00:50:49,713 --> 00:50:50,747
our own home was

2123
00:50:50,814 --> 00:50:52,549
so amazing to me.

2124
00:50:52,616 --> 00:50:53,917
The moon is not just

2125
00:50:53,984 --> 00:50:56,386
a symbol of thinking about

2126
00:50:56,453 --> 00:50:57,454
our place in the universe.

2127
00:50:57,521 --> 00:50:58,455
It's not just a

2128
00:50:58,522 --> 00:50:59,856
symbol of exploration.

2129
00:50:59,923 --> 00:51:01,425
It's actually a beacon

2130
00:51:01,491 --> 00:51:02,392
for science.

2131
00:51:02,459 --> 00:51:03,627
It's a beacon for understanding

2132
00:51:03,693 --> 00:51:04,795
where we came from.

2133
00:51:04,861 --> 00:51:05,862
>> You know,

2134
00:51:05,929 --> 00:51:07,130
pushing ourselves to explore

2135
00:51:07,197 --> 00:51:09,099
is just core to who we are.

2136
00:51:09,166 --> 00:51:10,434
It's a part of being a human.

2137
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:11,535
That's our nature.

2138
00:51:11,601 --> 00:51:12,369
We go out there

2139
00:51:12,436 --> 00:51:13,136
and we explore

2140
00:51:13,203 --> 00:51:14,738
to learn about where we are,

2141
00:51:14,805 --> 00:51:15,505
why we are.

2142
00:51:15,572 --> 00:51:17,374
Understanding the big questions

2143
00:51:17,441 --> 00:51:18,175
about our place

2144
00:51:18,241 --> 00:51:18,909
in the universe.

2145
00:51:18,975 --> 00:51:20,076
The exploration we're doing

2146
00:51:20,143 --> 00:51:21,411
is the first few steps

2147
00:51:21,478 --> 00:51:22,679
on the path of

2148
00:51:22,746 --> 00:51:24,147
getting humans to Mars.

2149
00:51:24,214 --> 00:51:25,682
>> The Artemis campaign

2150
00:51:25,749 --> 00:51:26,483
of missions have set

2151
00:51:26,550 --> 00:51:28,285
such an ambitious goal

2152
00:51:28,351 --> 00:51:29,753
for humanity that's

2153
00:51:29,820 --> 00:51:31,621
inspiring contributions

2154
00:51:31,688 --> 00:51:32,722
from around the globe.

2155
00:51:32,789 --> 00:51:33,924
Not just one nation is

2156
00:51:33,990 --> 00:51:35,258
inspired and moved by this,

2157
00:51:35,325 --> 00:51:36,326
but nations from around

2158
00:51:36,393 --> 00:51:38,195
the globe are coming together.

2159
00:51:38,261 --> 00:51:39,863
When I look at the Artemis II

2160
00:51:39,930 --> 00:51:41,665
crew with Victor,

2161
00:51:41,731 --> 00:51:42,833
Christina and Jeremy,

2162
00:51:42,899 --> 00:51:45,469
they want to go do this mission.

2163
00:51:45,535 --> 00:51:47,737
They are keenly driven.

2164
00:51:47,804 --> 00:51:50,273
They are humble to a fault.

2165
00:51:50,340 --> 00:51:52,075
It is so cool to be around them.

2166
00:51:52,142 --> 00:51:53,043
Artemis II

2167
00:51:53,109 --> 00:51:54,110
is a huge mission,

2168
00:51:54,177 --> 00:51:55,612
but I hope we will look back

2169
00:51:55,679 --> 00:51:56,813
and realize that this was

2170
00:51:56,880 --> 00:51:58,915
one tiny step

2171
00:51:58,982 --> 00:52:00,484
in humans on Mars

2172
00:52:00,550 --> 00:52:01,318
and a sustained

2173
00:52:01,384 --> 00:52:03,753
presence on the moon.

2174
00:52:03,820 --> 00:52:06,456
>> Engines starting.

2175
00:52:06,523 --> 00:52:07,924
>> Artemis II will be NASA's

2176
00:52:07,991 --> 00:52:09,359
first crewed flight test of the

2177
00:52:09,426 --> 00:52:11,127
Space Launch System Rocket...

2178
00:52:11,194 --> 00:52:12,095
>> ... and Orion Spacecraft

2179
00:52:12,162 --> 00:52:13,196
around the moon...

2180
00:52:13,263 --> 00:52:14,331
>> ... to verify today's

2181
00:52:14,397 --> 00:52:15,799
capabilities for humans

2182
00:52:15,866 --> 00:52:17,200
to explore deep space...

2183
00:52:17,267 --> 00:52:18,134
>> ... and pave the way

2184
00:52:18,201 --> 00:52:19,503
for NASA's long-term human

2185
00:52:19,569 --> 00:52:21,204
and scientific presence...

2186
00:52:21,271 --> 00:52:22,405
>> ... on the lunar surface.

2187
00:52:22,472 --> 00:52:23,440
>> We are ready.

2188
00:52:23,507 --> 00:52:24,741
>> We are going...

2189
00:52:24,808 --> 00:52:25,809
>> ... to the moon...

2190
00:52:25,876 --> 00:52:26,910
>> ... for all humanity.

2191
00:52:26,977 --> 00:52:29,212
>> all: We are Artemis.

2192
00:52:35,585 --> 00:52:36,286
>> So I actually recently

2193
00:52:36,353 --> 00:52:37,153
had the chance to visit

2194
00:52:37,220 --> 00:52:38,488
Mehdi Benna from NASA Goddard

2195
00:52:38,555 --> 00:52:39,489
in his lab

2196
00:52:39,556 --> 00:52:40,290
to learn a bit more

2197
00:52:40,357 --> 00:52:41,825
about his lunar environment

2198
00:52:41,892 --> 00:52:44,060
monitoring station, or LEMS.

2199
00:52:44,127 --> 00:52:44,628
Let's hear a bit more

2200
00:52:44,694 --> 00:52:46,429
about that.

2201
00:52:46,496 --> 00:52:46,863
I'm joined today

2202
00:52:46,930 --> 00:52:47,531
by Mehdi Benna

2203
00:52:47,597 --> 00:52:48,498
from NASA Goddard.

2204
00:52:48,565 --> 00:52:49,032
Thanks so much

2205
00:52:49,099 --> 00:52:49,599
for joining us.

2206
00:52:49,666 --> 00:52:50,300
>> Hey, nice having you.

2207
00:52:50,367 --> 00:52:51,434
>> So, first of all,

2208
00:52:51,501 --> 00:52:52,569
tell us where we are.

2209
00:52:52,636 --> 00:52:53,503
What is this lab?

2210
00:52:53,570 --> 00:52:55,405
>> So you are here in, uh,

2211
00:52:55,472 --> 00:52:57,140
one of the labs, uh,

2212
00:52:57,207 --> 00:52:58,575
in the Planetary Environment

2213
00:52:58,642 --> 00:53:00,310
Laboratory at NASA's

2214
00:53:00,377 --> 00:53:01,778
Goddard Space Flight Center.

2215
00:53:01,845 --> 00:53:02,913
An environment where

2216
00:53:02,979 --> 00:53:04,247
we specialize in mostly

2217
00:53:04,314 --> 00:53:05,582
building mass spectrometers,

2218
00:53:05,649 --> 00:53:07,317
but also other other

2219
00:53:07,384 --> 00:53:08,218
types of instruments.

2220
00:53:08,285 --> 00:53:09,352
And instruments like

2221
00:53:09,419 --> 00:53:10,253
this one right here.

2222
00:53:10,320 --> 00:53:11,321
So could you walk us through

2223
00:53:11,388 --> 00:53:12,989
what this is exactly here?

2224
00:53:13,056 --> 00:53:14,291
>> So, this is an

2225
00:53:14,357 --> 00:53:15,592
engineering model.

2226
00:53:15,659 --> 00:53:16,793
A Lunar Environment

2227
00:53:16,860 --> 00:53:17,827
Monitoring Station,

2228
00:53:17,894 --> 00:53:19,229
or LEMS.

2229
00:53:19,296 --> 00:53:20,931
So LEMS has been recently

2230
00:53:20,997 --> 00:53:21,765
selected to be

2231
00:53:21,831 --> 00:53:23,667
one of the three instruments

2232
00:53:23,733 --> 00:53:24,534
that will be carried

2233
00:53:24,601 --> 00:53:26,136
by the Artemis III missions.

2234
00:53:26,202 --> 00:53:27,170
>> And you told me before

2235
00:53:27,237 --> 00:53:28,071
that this is basically

2236
00:53:28,138 --> 00:53:29,005
like a spacecraft

2237
00:53:29,072 --> 00:53:30,407
that you can deploy by hand

2238
00:53:30,473 --> 00:53:31,207
with the astronauts.

2239
00:53:31,274 --> 00:53:32,008
How are they going to actually

2240
00:53:32,075 --> 00:53:33,043
deploy this on the surface?

2241
00:53:33,109 --> 00:53:33,843
>> Yeah. So this is,

2242
00:53:33,910 --> 00:53:34,911
as you can see,

2243
00:53:34,978 --> 00:53:35,912
this is about the size

2244
00:53:35,979 --> 00:53:37,314
of a carry on suitcase.

2245
00:53:37,380 --> 00:53:39,316
And so what you don't see here,

2246
00:53:39,382 --> 00:53:40,216
it will ultimately

2247
00:53:40,283 --> 00:53:41,518
have handles.

2248
00:53:41,585 --> 00:53:43,253
It will be part of the starship

2249
00:53:43,320 --> 00:53:45,789
that carries the astronauts'--

2250
00:53:45,855 --> 00:53:47,390
all the payloads the astronauts

2251
00:53:47,457 --> 00:53:48,558
need for the moon.

2252
00:53:48,625 --> 00:53:49,593
When the astronauts

2253
00:53:49,659 --> 00:53:51,061
get to the surface,

2254
00:53:51,127 --> 00:53:52,262
they will take it off

2255
00:53:52,329 --> 00:53:53,763
a storage area

2256
00:53:53,830 --> 00:53:56,032
and will carry it by handle

2257
00:53:56,099 --> 00:53:57,067
to the surface of the moon.

2258
00:53:57,133 --> 00:53:58,768
And will deploy it.

2259
00:53:58,835 --> 00:53:59,603
Will-will drop it

2260
00:53:59,669 --> 00:54:00,303
on the surface

2261
00:54:00,370 --> 00:54:01,671
and-and do all the actions

2262
00:54:01,738 --> 00:54:02,539
that allows it

2263
00:54:02,606 --> 00:54:03,406
to come alive,

2264
00:54:03,473 --> 00:54:04,574
which we call deployments.

2265
00:54:04,641 --> 00:54:05,542
>> And what's great about

2266
00:54:05,609 --> 00:54:06,209
this, too,

2267
00:54:06,276 --> 00:54:07,143
is the science will continue

2268
00:54:07,210 --> 00:54:08,044
long after astronauts

2269
00:54:08,111 --> 00:54:09,145
have left the moon, right?

2270
00:54:09,212 --> 00:54:10,380
How long will this last

2271
00:54:10,447 --> 00:54:11,548
and continue to take data?

2272
00:54:11,615 --> 00:54:12,983
>> The Artemis mission

2273
00:54:13,049 --> 00:54:14,517
on the surface will not last

2274
00:54:14,584 --> 00:54:15,518
more than a few days,

2275
00:54:15,585 --> 00:54:17,821
but we designed the LEMS

2276
00:54:17,887 --> 00:54:19,356
to be autonomous and to--

2277
00:54:19,422 --> 00:54:21,091
so it can continue operating

2278
00:54:21,157 --> 00:54:23,893
well after Artemis III crew, uh,

2279
00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:25,028
has left the surface.

2280
00:54:25,095 --> 00:54:26,630
>> And we hear about earthquakes

2281
00:54:26,696 --> 00:54:27,664
all the time here on Earth.

2282
00:54:27,731 --> 00:54:29,032
We have seismic networks

2283
00:54:29,099 --> 00:54:29,699
around the globe,

2284
00:54:29,766 --> 00:54:31,101
but now we're gonna be able

2285
00:54:31,167 --> 00:54:32,702
to detect moonquakes.

2286
00:54:32,769 --> 00:54:33,470
So, first of all,

2287
00:54:33,536 --> 00:54:34,237
what is a moon quake,

2288
00:54:34,304 --> 00:54:35,271
and how are we gonna be able

2289
00:54:35,338 --> 00:54:36,406
to detect with the LEMs?

2290
00:54:36,473 --> 00:54:37,040
>> That's right.

2291
00:54:37,107 --> 00:54:39,209
So, like on Earth, when, uh,

2292
00:54:39,275 --> 00:54:40,210
ground motions

2293
00:54:40,276 --> 00:54:41,378
are called earthquake,

2294
00:54:41,444 --> 00:54:43,380
ground motion on the moon

2295
00:54:43,446 --> 00:54:44,481
is called moonquake.

2296
00:54:44,547 --> 00:54:45,882
And-and the origin of

2297
00:54:45,949 --> 00:54:47,450
the ground motion on the moon

2298
00:54:47,517 --> 00:54:48,251
is slightly different

2299
00:54:48,318 --> 00:54:49,452
from that of Earth.

2300
00:54:49,519 --> 00:54:50,720
On Earth is dominated

2301
00:54:50,787 --> 00:54:52,622
by tectonic, uh, movements.

2302
00:54:52,689 --> 00:54:53,490
On the moon, there is

2303
00:54:53,556 --> 00:54:55,558
other-other sources

2304
00:54:55,625 --> 00:54:56,960
for those, uh, quakes,

2305
00:54:57,027 --> 00:54:59,262
mostly tidal effects.

2306
00:54:59,329 --> 00:55:01,097
Basically, as the moon

2307
00:55:01,164 --> 00:55:02,298
and the Earth rotate

2308
00:55:02,365 --> 00:55:03,166
around the sun,

2309
00:55:03,233 --> 00:55:05,268
the-the moon gets squished,

2310
00:55:05,335 --> 00:55:07,370
like, a little bit.

2311
00:55:07,437 --> 00:55:08,204
And that creates

2312
00:55:08,271 --> 00:55:08,972
a lot of stress.

2313
00:55:09,039 --> 00:55:10,740
And on the surface,

2314
00:55:10,807 --> 00:55:12,042
we can have thermal quakes

2315
00:55:12,108 --> 00:55:13,710
due to a transition

2316
00:55:13,777 --> 00:55:14,711
between day and night.

2317
00:55:14,778 --> 00:55:16,146
As the moon

2318
00:55:16,212 --> 00:55:17,247
rotate around itself,

2319
00:55:17,313 --> 00:55:19,182
we can have impact quakes

2320
00:55:19,249 --> 00:55:20,750
due to asteroids

2321
00:55:20,817 --> 00:55:21,918
and micro meteoroids

2322
00:55:21,985 --> 00:55:22,686
hitting the surface

2323
00:55:22,752 --> 00:55:23,553
of the moon.

2324
00:55:23,620 --> 00:55:25,388
And so, we want to basically

2325
00:55:25,455 --> 00:55:26,890
listen to all these noises

2326
00:55:26,956 --> 00:55:28,124
because they tell us a lot

2327
00:55:28,191 --> 00:55:29,993
about the structure

2328
00:55:30,060 --> 00:55:31,094
of the crust of the moon,

2329
00:55:31,161 --> 00:55:32,028
but also tell us a lot

2330
00:55:32,095 --> 00:55:33,396
about the constituents

2331
00:55:33,463 --> 00:55:35,065
deep inside, uh,

2332
00:55:35,131 --> 00:55:36,166
the lunar interior.

2333
00:55:36,232 --> 00:55:37,067
>> That's fantastic.

2334
00:55:37,133 --> 00:55:37,701
And, I guess,

2335
00:55:37,767 --> 00:55:38,435
how will this data

2336
00:55:38,501 --> 00:55:39,502
help Artemis astronauts

2337
00:55:39,569 --> 00:55:40,437
or any future astronauts

2338
00:55:40,503 --> 00:55:41,337
that go to the moon?

2339
00:55:41,404 --> 00:55:42,172
>> As you know,

2340
00:55:42,238 --> 00:55:43,239
the-the goal of the Artemis

2341
00:55:43,306 --> 00:55:44,274
program is not just to

2342
00:55:44,340 --> 00:55:45,141
return to the moon,

2343
00:55:45,208 --> 00:55:46,843
but is actually to build

2344
00:55:46,910 --> 00:55:47,777
permanent settlement

2345
00:55:47,844 --> 00:55:48,578
on the moon.

2346
00:55:48,645 --> 00:55:49,546
And so, as soon as you're

2347
00:55:49,612 --> 00:55:50,880
gonna start building habitats,

2348
00:55:50,947 --> 00:55:51,981
a large structure,

2349
00:55:52,048 --> 00:55:53,583
you really want to assess

2350
00:55:53,650 --> 00:55:55,985
the seismicity of the-of the-

2351
00:55:56,052 --> 00:55:57,053
of the location

2352
00:55:57,120 --> 00:55:59,055
you are building all these--

2353
00:55:59,122 --> 00:56:01,257
making these investment in.

2354
00:56:01,324 --> 00:56:03,493
And so, putting LEMS 4

2355
00:56:03,560 --> 00:56:05,595
ahead of the big push

2356
00:56:05,662 --> 00:56:06,796
to build these structures

2357
00:56:06,863 --> 00:56:08,298
would be very useful,

2358
00:56:08,364 --> 00:56:09,199
because we will collect

2359
00:56:09,265 --> 00:56:10,233
the seismic data that

2360
00:56:10,300 --> 00:56:11,835
will show whether

2361
00:56:11,901 --> 00:56:13,670
that site is suitable

2362
00:56:13,737 --> 00:56:14,537
for long-term,

2363
00:56:14,604 --> 00:56:16,439
basically construction

2364
00:56:16,506 --> 00:56:17,407
of habitats,

2365
00:56:17,474 --> 00:56:18,541
and will be safe

2366
00:56:18,608 --> 00:56:20,110
for the astronauts to--

2367
00:56:20,176 --> 00:56:20,777
basically,

2368
00:56:20,844 --> 00:56:22,011
to-to stay in the area

2369
00:56:22,078 --> 00:56:23,279
for a long period of time.

2370
00:56:23,346 --> 00:56:24,147
>> It is International

2371
00:56:24,214 --> 00:56:24,914
Observe the Moon Night.

2372
00:56:24,981 --> 00:56:25,648
So you mentioned

2373
00:56:25,715 --> 00:56:26,349
when we were first talking

2374
00:56:26,416 --> 00:56:27,150
that you observe the moon

2375
00:56:27,217 --> 00:56:28,017
every single day.

2376
00:56:28,084 --> 00:56:28,585
What do you love

2377
00:56:28,651 --> 00:56:29,219
about the moon?

2378
00:56:29,285 --> 00:56:29,986
Why do you observe it?

2379
00:56:30,053 --> 00:56:30,720
What brings you back

2380
00:56:30,787 --> 00:56:31,521
every day to look at it?

2381
00:56:31,588 --> 00:56:34,357
>> Well, um, as-as most of--

2382
00:56:34,424 --> 00:56:35,458
as everybody else,

2383
00:56:35,525 --> 00:56:36,359
I look at the moon

2384
00:56:36,426 --> 00:56:37,127
because it's beautiful.

2385
00:56:37,193 --> 00:56:38,795
It's just-it's a beautiful

2386
00:56:38,862 --> 00:56:39,829
celestial body.

2387
00:56:39,896 --> 00:56:41,364
It's one of the

2388
00:56:41,431 --> 00:56:43,066
only celestial bodies

2389
00:56:43,133 --> 00:56:44,868
that we can actually look at

2390
00:56:44,934 --> 00:56:46,302
and distinguish features.

2391
00:56:46,369 --> 00:56:47,403
Planets are just dots

2392
00:56:47,470 --> 00:56:48,805
with the naked eye.

2393
00:56:48,872 --> 00:56:50,173
But the moon is there

2394
00:56:50,240 --> 00:56:51,374
for everybody to look at

2395
00:56:51,441 --> 00:56:52,308
and admire.

2396
00:56:52,375 --> 00:56:53,777
And-and-and I don't think

2397
00:56:53,843 --> 00:56:54,811
anybody that can look

2398
00:56:54,878 --> 00:56:56,513
at the moon can look at it

2399
00:56:56,579 --> 00:56:58,715
without being intrigued by

2400
00:56:58,782 --> 00:56:59,849
what-what that surface

2401
00:56:59,916 --> 00:57:00,683
is telling us,

2402
00:57:00,750 --> 00:57:02,118
and what the-- what secrets

2403
00:57:02,185 --> 00:57:03,386
that environment holds.

2404
00:57:03,453 --> 00:57:05,321
So I grew up with the same

2405
00:57:05,388 --> 00:57:06,990
curiosities, and I still have

2406
00:57:07,056 --> 00:57:08,491
the same curiosities today.

2407
00:57:08,558 --> 00:57:11,594
And so, every night,

2408
00:57:11,661 --> 00:57:12,862
there is a beautiful moon

2409
00:57:12,929 --> 00:57:13,797
up in the sky.

2410
00:57:13,863 --> 00:57:15,765
I naturally find my head

2411
00:57:15,832 --> 00:57:16,499
looking up there

2412
00:57:16,566 --> 00:57:19,469
and-and-and still wonder.

2413
00:57:19,536 --> 00:57:20,336
>> Best of luck with LEMS

2414
00:57:20,403 --> 00:57:21,571
for Artemis III and beyond.

2415
00:57:21,638 --> 00:57:23,773
And back to you in the studio.

2416
00:57:23,840 --> 00:57:24,908
>> So thank you so much

2417
00:57:24,974 --> 00:57:25,675
for joining us for

2418
00:57:25,742 --> 00:57:26,609
International Observe

2419
00:57:26,676 --> 00:57:27,343
the Moon Night.

2420
00:57:27,410 --> 00:57:28,077
And keep an eye out

2421
00:57:28,144 --> 00:57:28,878
for next year's event,

2422
00:57:28,945 --> 00:57:29,879
which will be...

2423
00:57:29,946 --> 00:57:31,815
>> October 4th of 2025.

2424
00:57:31,881 --> 00:57:33,116
So we have a few more days

2425
00:57:33,183 --> 00:57:34,484
going on right now.

2426
00:57:34,551 --> 00:57:36,252
This is-- September 14th

2427
00:57:36,319 --> 00:57:37,086
is the official date,

2428
00:57:37,153 --> 00:57:38,288
but people will keep observing

2429
00:57:38,354 --> 00:57:39,222
for a little while.

2430
00:57:39,289 --> 00:57:40,690
Over the next few days,

2431
00:57:40,757 --> 00:57:41,724
you will be joining

2432
00:57:41,791 --> 00:57:42,659
a million people

2433
00:57:42,725 --> 00:57:43,359
around the world.

2434
00:57:43,426 --> 00:57:44,894
All over right now,

2435
00:57:44,961 --> 00:57:45,562
observing,

2436
00:57:45,628 --> 00:57:46,596
learning about the moon,

2437
00:57:46,663 --> 00:57:47,864
celebrating the moon together.

2438
00:57:47,931 --> 00:57:48,798
So thank you for

2439
00:57:48,865 --> 00:57:49,866
being a part of this.

2440
00:57:49,933 --> 00:57:50,900
We hope that

2441
00:57:50,967 --> 00:57:52,101
you visit our website,

2442
00:57:52,168 --> 00:57:54,170
moon.nasa.gov/observe,

2443
00:57:54,237 --> 00:57:55,438
to learn more and share

2444
00:57:55,505 --> 00:57:56,840
how you are observing

2445
00:57:56,906 --> 00:57:57,841
the moon right now.

2446
00:57:57,907 --> 00:57:58,675
See what other people

2447
00:57:58,741 --> 00:57:59,609
are doing around the world

2448
00:57:59,676 --> 00:58:00,610
on your favorite

2449
00:58:00,677 --> 00:58:01,678
social media platform,

2450
00:58:01,744 --> 00:58:02,745
using #ObserveTheMoon

2451
00:58:02,812 --> 00:58:03,580
as a hashtag,

2452
00:58:03,646 --> 00:58:04,480
and also check out

2453
00:58:04,547 --> 00:58:05,215
our Flickr gallery.

2454
00:58:05,281 --> 00:58:06,182
We have a lot of really

2455
00:58:06,249 --> 00:58:07,350
wonderful pictures coming in,

2456
00:58:07,417 --> 00:58:08,418
showing people

2457
00:58:08,484 --> 00:58:09,786
observing the moon

2458
00:58:09,853 --> 00:58:10,653
around the world.

2459
00:58:10,720 --> 00:58:11,654
>> Yeah, and we hope

2460
00:58:11,721 --> 00:58:12,355
to see you.

2461
00:58:12,422 --> 00:58:13,289
Mark your calendars

2462
00:58:13,356 --> 00:58:13,990
for next year.

2463
00:58:14,057 --> 00:58:15,291
October 4th, 2025

2464
00:58:15,358 --> 00:58:16,559
for the 16th edition

2465
00:58:16,626 --> 00:58:17,327
of International

2466
00:58:17,393 --> 00:58:18,094
Observe the Moon Night.

2467
00:58:18,161 --> 00:58:18,828
But for now,

2468
00:58:18,895 --> 00:58:19,662
have a wonderful night

2469
00:58:19,729 --> 00:58:20,730
and we hope you enjoy

2470
00:58:20,797 --> 00:58:21,431
your experience

2471
00:58:21,497 --> 00:58:22,332
observing the moon.