1 00:00:00,300 --> 00:00:00,667 All right. 2 00:00:00,667 --> 00:00:02,936 Thank you everyone so much for being here. 3 00:00:02,936 --> 00:00:05,171 And thank you, Patrick, for that introduction. 4 00:00:05,171 --> 00:00:07,707 Really excited to have everyone here. 5 00:00:07,707 --> 00:00:09,209 I also want to welcome our guests. 6 00:00:09,209 --> 00:00:12,746 We have representatives from the local, state 7 00:00:12,746 --> 00:00:16,950 congressional levels and the Maryland Economic Development Corporation. 8 00:00:16,950 --> 00:00:18,952 So we're really give you a warm welcome. 9 00:00:18,952 --> 00:00:21,955 And glad to have you here at Goddard today. 10 00:00:22,522 --> 00:00:28,428 As we know, we have an extremely brilliant legacy of light here at Goddard. 11 00:00:28,661 --> 00:00:31,698 And we're going to go through a few of those key observable areas 12 00:00:31,698 --> 00:00:36,836 and talk about, the real wonder and, excitement that they bring. 13 00:00:37,103 --> 00:00:38,938 We have Doctor Jennifer Wiseman. 14 00:00:38,938 --> 00:00:42,776 She's our senior product science project scientist for Hubble Space Telescope, 15 00:00:43,076 --> 00:00:46,679 and this is NASA's most successful mission to date, I think. 16 00:00:47,180 --> 00:00:51,251 It's still going strong after more than 34 years after launch. 17 00:00:51,451 --> 00:00:55,088 That's more than 1.6 million observations 18 00:00:55,622 --> 00:00:59,692 and about 21,000 peer reviewed scientific papers 19 00:01:00,126 --> 00:01:04,798 and about 1.2 million total citations in published papers. 20 00:01:04,831 --> 00:01:10,036 Incidentally, now the number of papers that have been published from the archive 21 00:01:10,336 --> 00:01:13,573 exceeds the number of papers published from original observation. 22 00:01:14,207 --> 00:01:16,176 It's a gift that keeps on giving. 23 00:01:17,143 --> 00:01:17,544 We also 24 00:01:17,544 --> 00:01:18,912 have Doctor Jane Rigby, 25 00:01:18,912 --> 00:01:22,515 the senior project scientist for James Webb Space Telescope. 26 00:01:22,849 --> 00:01:28,021 And, this is our second science anniversary for this groundbreaking 27 00:01:28,021 --> 00:01:29,956 telescope. 28 00:01:29,956 --> 00:01:32,959 I was asked earlier, what's my favorite image from Webb? 29 00:01:32,959 --> 00:01:37,464 And, my favorite image is the photograph that I took of the launch, 30 00:01:37,464 --> 00:01:39,432 at the launch site in French Guiana, 31 00:01:39,432 --> 00:01:42,735 because that was such the start of such a fantastic journey. 32 00:01:43,236 --> 00:01:46,673 We also have Doctor Julie McHenry, and she is our senior project 33 00:01:46,673 --> 00:01:49,976 scientist for the NASA Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. 34 00:01:50,410 --> 00:01:53,613 This year, we have now all of the parts 35 00:01:53,613 --> 00:01:57,016 of the telescope in our clean room here in Greenbelt. 36 00:01:57,016 --> 00:02:00,153 So it marks the next step of putting together 37 00:02:00,153 --> 00:02:03,456 this amazing observatory that will launch in just a couple of years. 38 00:02:03,990 --> 00:02:05,792 And we have doctor Giada Arney. 39 00:02:05,792 --> 00:02:09,562 She is the interim project scientist for the Habitable Worlds Observatory, 40 00:02:09,729 --> 00:02:12,765 and this is the next big flagship observatory 41 00:02:12,765 --> 00:02:16,436 after Roman and Goddard just opened the project office. 42 00:02:16,469 --> 00:02:20,707 So it's another remarkable milestone as we start our future 43 00:02:20,940 --> 00:02:22,809 of our legacy of light. 44 00:02:22,809 --> 00:02:24,944 So we have a fantastic vision. 45 00:02:24,944 --> 00:02:26,513 We hope that you enjoy this show. 46 00:02:26,513 --> 00:02:29,282 So without further ado, we're going to get started. Thank you. 47 00:02:36,823 --> 00:02:39,025 Minus ten go for main engine start. 48 00:02:39,025 --> 00:02:39,459 We are. 49 00:02:39,459 --> 00:02:46,432 Go for main engine start T minus six 54321. 50 00:02:46,699 --> 00:02:51,204 And liftoff of the Space Shuttle Discovery with the Hubble Space Telescope. 51 00:02:51,237 --> 00:02:54,240 Our window on the universe. 52 00:02:55,642 --> 00:02:58,645 Mission control Houston. 53 00:02:58,711 --> 00:03:01,080 Roll program. 54 00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:01,714 Roger. All. 55 00:03:01,714 --> 00:03:04,017 Discovery. 56 00:03:04,017 --> 00:03:06,152 The roll maneuver puts the vehicle in the proper 57 00:03:06,152 --> 00:03:09,122 launch plane. 58 00:03:13,293 --> 00:03:16,095 Isn't that cool to see Hubble launch? 59 00:03:16,095 --> 00:03:19,098 Good afternoon. 60 00:03:19,232 --> 00:03:24,237 It is my honor and pleasure to celebrate with you today. 61 00:03:24,270 --> 00:03:29,609 NASA's remarkable Hubble Space Telescope and how Hubble is a leader 62 00:03:29,943 --> 00:03:32,946 for the future of astrophysics. 63 00:03:33,846 --> 00:03:36,849 So as we talk about this legacy of light today, 64 00:03:37,350 --> 00:03:42,455 the theme of our event, it's fitting that we first reflect on some of the iconic 65 00:03:42,455 --> 00:03:47,393 imagery and scientific breakthroughs that have been enabled by Hubble 66 00:03:48,628 --> 00:03:49,095 from its 67 00:03:49,095 --> 00:03:52,432 perch in low Earth orbit above the clouds. 68 00:03:52,865 --> 00:03:56,169 Hubble surprised us by revealing a universe 69 00:03:56,169 --> 00:03:59,372 that is active and awesome at every scale. 70 00:04:01,441 --> 00:04:04,110 Iconic, colorful nebulae 71 00:04:04,110 --> 00:04:07,280 are signposts of continuing star formation. 72 00:04:07,914 --> 00:04:12,085 Newly formed stars light up the surrounding gas with ionizing 73 00:04:12,085 --> 00:04:16,689 radiation, while winds from the stars often sculpt the surrounding 74 00:04:16,689 --> 00:04:21,494 star, forming dust clouds into pillars pointing back toward the stars. 75 00:04:22,262 --> 00:04:27,233 Hubble found that many young stars are forming with dusty circumstellar disks. 76 00:04:27,600 --> 00:04:31,070 We now know these as the birthplaces of planets. 77 00:04:31,738 --> 00:04:34,674 We've watched as old and dying stars 78 00:04:34,674 --> 00:04:37,710 enrich the environment for the next generation. 79 00:04:38,878 --> 00:04:42,048 We see our own solar system teeming with activity. 80 00:04:42,649 --> 00:04:47,920 We've watched weather changing on the outer planets, asteroids colliding, 81 00:04:48,488 --> 00:04:52,091 and even possible plumes of water vapor escaping 82 00:04:52,091 --> 00:04:55,628 from the under eyes open ocean on Europa. 83 00:04:56,129 --> 00:05:00,233 I'm looking forward to Europa Clipper investigating these more closely. 84 00:05:02,402 --> 00:05:04,137 I think what moves me the 85 00:05:04,137 --> 00:05:07,707 most are Hubble's views of deep space 86 00:05:08,207 --> 00:05:11,210 and galaxies beyond our own Milky Way. 87 00:05:12,078 --> 00:05:14,747 Hubble's Deep Field show that galaxies 88 00:05:14,747 --> 00:05:18,084 change and grow over cosmic time. 89 00:05:18,718 --> 00:05:20,787 That they interact with one another. 90 00:05:20,787 --> 00:05:24,090 Their mergers spawn, bursts of star formation. 91 00:05:25,024 --> 00:05:27,927 Hubble first confirmed that galaxies 92 00:05:27,927 --> 00:05:31,497 harbor supermassive black holes at their cores. 93 00:05:31,964 --> 00:05:36,502 And now Hubble is discovering more of these in the early universe 94 00:05:36,502 --> 00:05:40,740 than ever expected with incredible precision. 95 00:05:40,740 --> 00:05:44,243 Hubble has also measured the current expansion rate 96 00:05:44,744 --> 00:05:48,614 of the universe, and refined it to the point where it now 97 00:05:48,614 --> 00:05:53,853 seems to conflict with predictions from standard cosmological models. 98 00:05:54,420 --> 00:05:57,423 So we might be headed toward new physics. 99 00:05:59,292 --> 00:06:01,761 Today here. 100 00:06:01,761 --> 00:06:04,163 We're looking forward. 101 00:06:04,163 --> 00:06:06,799 Hubble is actually more scientifically 102 00:06:06,799 --> 00:06:10,837 powerful today in many ways than ever before. 103 00:06:11,070 --> 00:06:13,873 I want to share what I see is several great ways 104 00:06:13,873 --> 00:06:17,243 that Hubble is leading the future of astrophysics. 105 00:06:18,711 --> 00:06:19,545 Hubble is in 106 00:06:19,545 --> 00:06:23,950 good condition thanks to the series of successful servicing missions 107 00:06:24,417 --> 00:06:29,322 and an impressive operations team on the ground, including many right here. 108 00:06:30,423 --> 00:06:33,559 Experts at Goddard and the Space Telescope Science 109 00:06:33,559 --> 00:06:36,729 Institute address every technical challenge. 110 00:06:37,296 --> 00:06:42,468 They've even figured out how to precisely point Hubble using only one gyroscope. 111 00:06:42,735 --> 00:06:47,073 Even though we have more and how to precisely support 112 00:06:47,073 --> 00:06:52,278 a full suite of science instruments, including cameras and spectrographs. 113 00:06:52,712 --> 00:06:53,479 So it looks like 114 00:06:53,479 --> 00:06:57,784 Hubble will be in good shape, well, through this decade and beyond. 115 00:06:57,784 --> 00:06:59,051 And we're in good hands. 116 00:06:59,051 --> 00:07:02,221 I'm continually impressed by this awesome team. 117 00:07:03,823 --> 00:07:06,826 Hubble is in strong scientific demand. 118 00:07:07,193 --> 00:07:12,331 It is the only large space observatory in the coming decade with the ability 119 00:07:12,331 --> 00:07:17,103 to see ultraviolet light, which can only be viewed from space. 120 00:07:17,437 --> 00:07:21,908 This kind of energetic light is paramount for modern astrophysics. 121 00:07:22,408 --> 00:07:24,110 It's produced from many kinds 122 00:07:24,110 --> 00:07:28,047 of cosmic phenomena, from planets to star forming galaxies. 123 00:07:29,348 --> 00:07:30,450 We're using this 124 00:07:30,450 --> 00:07:33,453 light to watch hundreds of stars. 125 00:07:33,853 --> 00:07:37,089 We see planetary auroras lighting up, 126 00:07:37,690 --> 00:07:41,427 and we study the composition of exoplanet atmospheres. 127 00:07:42,028 --> 00:07:45,631 We even caught an exoplanet in the process of forming 128 00:07:45,631 --> 00:07:48,634 as it pulls material from its surroundings. 129 00:07:50,503 --> 00:07:53,306 Hubble is part of a powerful team. 130 00:07:53,306 --> 00:07:57,143 When we combine its observations with those of observatories 131 00:07:57,143 --> 00:08:00,146 that concentrate on different wavelengths of light, 132 00:08:00,513 --> 00:08:04,150 like the web or the future Roman space telescopes. 133 00:08:05,418 --> 00:08:07,220 Together, Hubble and Webb 134 00:08:07,220 --> 00:08:10,523 are working to generate a more complete picture of our universe. 135 00:08:10,890 --> 00:08:14,727 Take, for example, this spiral galaxy with Hubble 136 00:08:14,727 --> 00:08:18,965 revealing hotspots of star formation all along the spiral arms, 137 00:08:19,265 --> 00:08:23,402 and Webb's infrared view showing the heated dust lanes, 138 00:08:24,570 --> 00:08:28,641 those famous pillars of creation seem to come alive. 139 00:08:28,674 --> 00:08:32,678 As Hubble shows, the structure of the cloud and Webb pierce 140 00:08:32,678 --> 00:08:36,916 through the dust to see more stars and infant stars inside. 141 00:08:38,584 --> 00:08:41,921 Together, these observatories are looking deep 142 00:08:41,921 --> 00:08:45,358 into the universe to map out cosmic history. 143 00:08:45,691 --> 00:08:50,296 As Webb detects the most distant infant galaxies, and Hubble 144 00:08:50,296 --> 00:08:55,201 shows us the details of star formation in similar galaxies nearby. 145 00:08:57,203 --> 00:08:59,071 Hubble is a powerhouse 146 00:08:59,071 --> 00:09:02,074 for studying phenomena that change with time. 147 00:09:02,642 --> 00:09:07,613 Astronomers are taking new observations and combining them with data from Hubble's 148 00:09:07,613 --> 00:09:13,052 incredible archive to make new discoveries that are not possible any other way. 149 00:09:13,653 --> 00:09:18,391 For example, we're seeing how decades of observations of Neptune 150 00:09:18,691 --> 00:09:21,894 show clouds coming and going in sync 151 00:09:21,894 --> 00:09:24,897 with the solar cycle. 152 00:09:25,298 --> 00:09:27,166 In concert with other missions, 153 00:09:27,166 --> 00:09:30,303 Hubble is transforming our view of the solar system. 154 00:09:30,803 --> 00:09:35,641 We're studying Jupiter's clouds and magnetic activity in sync with 155 00:09:35,641 --> 00:09:37,610 the Juno probe. 156 00:09:37,610 --> 00:09:41,447 And when the Dart mission intentionally impacted an asteroid, 157 00:09:41,914 --> 00:09:45,151 Hubble and Webb watched the impact debris. 158 00:09:45,618 --> 00:09:49,088 And Hubble continues to monitor a swarm of boulders 159 00:09:49,088 --> 00:09:51,524 knocked away from the surface by the blast. 160 00:09:52,825 --> 00:09:53,125 We're 161 00:09:53,125 --> 00:09:57,296 better understanding how Mars lost its water using detections 162 00:09:57,296 --> 00:10:00,299 from the Hubble and Maven missions 163 00:10:01,567 --> 00:10:03,803 continuing to look forward. 164 00:10:03,803 --> 00:10:07,707 Future astronomy missions are going to be serviceable. 165 00:10:08,474 --> 00:10:11,677 Our experience was five incredible astronaut 166 00:10:11,677 --> 00:10:15,448 servicing missions to Hubble is informing future missions. 167 00:10:15,448 --> 00:10:20,152 Servicing one of the most exciting aspects of mine as a career 168 00:10:20,252 --> 00:10:24,390 has been to see the successful team work across the scientific, 169 00:10:24,690 --> 00:10:28,294 engineering, and human spaceflight cultures of NASA 170 00:10:28,594 --> 00:10:32,932 that made Hubble servicing missions so successful and inspirational. 171 00:10:33,499 --> 00:10:36,669 These experiences are helping NASA plan both 172 00:10:36,669 --> 00:10:40,006 human and robotic approaches for future missions. 173 00:10:42,108 --> 00:10:43,042 Hubble Science 174 00:10:43,042 --> 00:10:46,612 Teams are pioneers, including citizen scientists 175 00:10:46,612 --> 00:10:50,383 from the public around the world in real scientific research. 176 00:10:51,117 --> 00:10:56,455 For example, volunteers identified over 1000 photobombing 177 00:10:56,455 --> 00:11:01,694 asteroids in over 37,000 Hubble images over 19 years. 178 00:11:02,294 --> 00:11:06,032 This team helped develop artificial intelligence algorithms 179 00:11:06,032 --> 00:11:08,334 to identify asteroids. 180 00:11:08,334 --> 00:11:11,404 And these techniques can be applied to future research 181 00:11:11,404 --> 00:11:15,341 using new approaches like machine learning and AI. 182 00:11:15,641 --> 00:11:18,911 As we prepare for big data from missions 183 00:11:18,911 --> 00:11:22,048 like the Roman Space Telescope, which you'll hear about later. 184 00:11:24,183 --> 00:11:25,518 And beyond Roman 185 00:11:25,518 --> 00:11:28,521 will come the Habitable Worlds Observatory. 186 00:11:29,288 --> 00:11:32,491 Hubble is a primary science and technology 187 00:11:32,491 --> 00:11:35,928 precursor for this future observatory. 188 00:11:36,262 --> 00:11:39,665 Hubble views the same wavelength bands of light 189 00:11:39,665 --> 00:11:44,303 that habitable worlds will see, and the Hubble science in the coming 190 00:11:44,303 --> 00:11:49,675 decade will set the stage and build teams for the full range of astrophysics 191 00:11:49,675 --> 00:11:52,678 that the Habitable Worlds Observatory will address. 192 00:11:53,212 --> 00:11:57,049 Those teams will include young people who were inspired 193 00:11:57,149 --> 00:12:00,152 to enter into Stem careers because of Hubble. 194 00:12:00,753 --> 00:12:05,324 The mission is involving more new scientists than ever before. 195 00:12:06,392 --> 00:12:09,361 One third of our newly accepted 196 00:12:09,361 --> 00:12:14,300 Hubble observing proposals are led by first time principal investigators, 197 00:12:14,900 --> 00:12:19,905 and thanks to example outreach, including our exemplary outreach team here. 198 00:12:20,372 --> 00:12:24,310 The public excitement for exploration, astronomy 199 00:12:24,310 --> 00:12:28,547 and NASA is fueled by Hubble's continuing discoveries. 200 00:12:29,749 --> 00:12:32,952 Hubble images encourage us to reflect 201 00:12:33,185 --> 00:12:36,188 on what it means to be human. 202 00:12:36,822 --> 00:12:39,525 You know, nothing gives me more satisfaction 203 00:12:39,525 --> 00:12:44,764 than seeing the eyes of young people light up as they realize how science, 204 00:12:45,030 --> 00:12:48,033 engineering, and curiosity 205 00:12:48,067 --> 00:12:51,637 can unite humanity for something positive. 206 00:12:52,471 --> 00:12:56,742 To look up at the sky and consider the amazing universe 207 00:12:57,009 --> 00:13:00,012 and our place in it. 208 00:13:00,846 --> 00:13:03,449 I'll close with a quote from the findings 209 00:13:03,449 --> 00:13:08,621 presented by the last NASA senior review of the Hubble Space Telescope mission. 210 00:13:09,221 --> 00:13:14,059 Looking to the future of Hubble, the panel said that Hubble continues 211 00:13:14,059 --> 00:13:18,597 to be a scientific powerhouse, unique in breadth and depth. 212 00:13:18,898 --> 00:13:21,901 It is truly a great observatory. 213 00:13:22,201 --> 00:13:26,939 Hubble plays a key intellectual role in interrogating and challenging 214 00:13:26,939 --> 00:13:31,443 current scientific paradigms, driving discovery at the frontier. 215 00:13:32,311 --> 00:13:35,414 So I am excited about Hubble's future. 216 00:13:36,182 --> 00:13:39,652 And as we follow this legacy of light, let me now 217 00:13:39,652 --> 00:13:42,755 welcome Doctor Jane Rigby, who will tell us about 218 00:13:42,755 --> 00:13:47,159 the new astronomical marvel, the James Webb Space Telescope. 219 00:13:47,660 --> 00:13:48,127 Thank you. 220 00:14:01,307 --> 00:14:02,474 Hi, everybody. 221 00:14:02,474 --> 00:14:04,710 Thank you for being here. 222 00:14:04,710 --> 00:14:08,514 The James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful 223 00:14:08,514 --> 00:14:12,451 and the most in-demand telescope that the world has ever seen. 224 00:14:13,619 --> 00:14:16,322 Now in its third year of science operations, 225 00:14:16,322 --> 00:14:21,160 the Webb telescope is 100 times more powerful than its predecessors. 226 00:14:21,927 --> 00:14:26,165 The technical performance is fabulous on every metric. 227 00:14:26,632 --> 00:14:28,400 It's better than requirements. 228 00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:31,403 It's frankly better than we dared hope. 229 00:14:32,171 --> 00:14:36,675 Webb's technology, namely segmented deployable space optics, 230 00:14:37,142 --> 00:14:40,112 lays a clear path for the future. 231 00:14:40,412 --> 00:14:42,982 There are papers coming out every day, 232 00:14:42,982 --> 00:14:49,054 a firehose of discoveries on subjects covering a wide swath of astrophysics 233 00:14:49,321 --> 00:14:53,359 from the solar system to exoplanets, star formation 234 00:14:53,359 --> 00:14:56,762 to supermassive black holes to the very most distant galaxies. 235 00:14:57,396 --> 00:15:00,065 We're doing transformative science 236 00:15:00,065 --> 00:15:03,369 every day, and my biggest problem right now is keeping up. 237 00:15:04,837 --> 00:15:07,506 Also, Webb is turning into something, 238 00:15:07,506 --> 00:15:10,509 a symbol to the country and to the world. 239 00:15:11,710 --> 00:15:16,682 Webb science is audacious and bold on a scale that only 240 00:15:16,682 --> 00:15:18,751 the United States can lead. 241 00:15:18,751 --> 00:15:22,121 Webb tackles the grand challenge of how galaxies 242 00:15:22,121 --> 00:15:25,758 like our own Milky Way galaxy formed after the Big Bang 243 00:15:26,191 --> 00:15:30,930 and then evolved over the 13.8 billion year history of the universe. 244 00:15:31,730 --> 00:15:36,001 Before Webb, we knew almost nothing about how galaxies 245 00:15:36,001 --> 00:15:39,772 formed in the first billion years of cosmic time. 246 00:15:40,773 --> 00:15:45,077 Webb has now found thousands of galaxies at those early times, 247 00:15:45,411 --> 00:15:48,614 transforming our understanding of the cosmic frontier. 248 00:15:49,315 --> 00:15:50,783 The current record holder. 249 00:15:50,783 --> 00:15:52,952 But it could be broken next month. 250 00:15:52,952 --> 00:15:55,087 Is it redshift 14.3? 251 00:15:55,087 --> 00:15:58,958 We are seeing this galaxy as it looked when the universe 252 00:15:58,958 --> 00:16:02,061 was only 300 million years old. 253 00:16:02,895 --> 00:16:05,564 It's now 13.8. So we're seeing out. 254 00:16:05,564 --> 00:16:08,534 We're seeing back through most of cosmic time. 255 00:16:08,534 --> 00:16:11,136 These early galaxies are more numerous, 256 00:16:11,136 --> 00:16:15,240 and they are forming stars more rapidly than we expected. 257 00:16:15,941 --> 00:16:20,746 Many of these galaxies have rapidly growing already supermassive 258 00:16:20,746 --> 00:16:23,916 black holes in their centers again earlier than we expected. 259 00:16:25,284 --> 00:16:28,020 We're measuring what these galaxies are made of. 260 00:16:28,020 --> 00:16:33,525 We are charting how the stars created the elements the carbon, the oxygen, 261 00:16:33,525 --> 00:16:38,297 the nitrogen that make up our bodies and are necessary for life on Earth. 262 00:16:39,365 --> 00:16:43,168 Webb is showing us how these small early galaxies 263 00:16:43,168 --> 00:16:47,673 evolved over cosmic time into galaxies like our home, the Milky Way. 264 00:16:49,441 --> 00:16:52,311 Much closer to home, Webb is studying galaxies 265 00:16:52,311 --> 00:16:55,848 like our own Milky Way, often working in tandem with Hubble. 266 00:16:56,615 --> 00:17:00,452 Webb studies exoplanets, which are planets orbiting other stars. 267 00:17:00,853 --> 00:17:04,923 Webb is telling us what the atmospheres of these exoplanets are like. 268 00:17:05,257 --> 00:17:11,063 Measuring many molecules like water, methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon 269 00:17:11,063 --> 00:17:14,266 monoxide enough to determine the chemistry 270 00:17:14,533 --> 00:17:17,369 of these exotic worlds. 271 00:17:17,369 --> 00:17:19,271 And when I say exotic, I mean exotic. 272 00:17:19,271 --> 00:17:21,040 Many of these planets that Webb is 273 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:24,410 studying are like nothing in our own solar system. 274 00:17:25,044 --> 00:17:28,647 We're studying Jupiters that orbit their star once a day. 275 00:17:29,515 --> 00:17:32,518 We've studied a rocky planet 276 00:17:33,185 --> 00:17:36,422 with a temperature of 3000 degrees that's covered in lava 277 00:17:37,456 --> 00:17:39,358 for small, rocky planets. 278 00:17:39,358 --> 00:17:43,295 Webb is delivering fabulous precision such that we're often 279 00:17:43,295 --> 00:17:46,732 limited by what's going on on the planet. 280 00:17:47,066 --> 00:17:50,669 Clouds host star activity rather than anything 281 00:17:50,669 --> 00:17:53,672 going on in our very stable telescope. 282 00:17:53,705 --> 00:17:55,174 Looking at Trappist one, 283 00:17:55,174 --> 00:17:58,610 which is the closest exoplanet system that might be habitable, 284 00:17:59,111 --> 00:18:03,449 Webb has shown that there are not thick atmospheres on planets B 285 00:18:03,782 --> 00:18:07,019 and C, and we're continuing to study the other planets. 286 00:18:07,653 --> 00:18:09,221 And that's just for early science. 287 00:18:09,221 --> 00:18:12,324 Webb is now building on those initial discoveries. 288 00:18:12,958 --> 00:18:16,662 Digging deeper, getting more diagnostics. 289 00:18:16,662 --> 00:18:20,399 We've really following up on those early surprises and hitting our stride. 290 00:18:22,868 --> 00:18:24,470 Now I'm asking, and I bet 291 00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:27,773 you're asking to any of those exoplanets host life. 292 00:18:28,373 --> 00:18:29,808 You know, I want to know that, too. 293 00:18:29,808 --> 00:18:31,376 Are we alone or not? 294 00:18:31,376 --> 00:18:34,613 Webb can search for atmospheres on Earth sized worlds. 295 00:18:35,114 --> 00:18:36,615 But is there life? 296 00:18:36,615 --> 00:18:40,486 As you'll hear from Doctor Ani, that requires a bold new telescope. 297 00:18:43,021 --> 00:18:43,622 I want to take 298 00:18:43,622 --> 00:18:46,592 a moment to celebrate the team. 299 00:18:46,592 --> 00:18:48,594 Webb's success is due to the hard 300 00:18:48,594 --> 00:18:51,597 work of about 20,000 people 301 00:18:51,864 --> 00:18:56,768 from 14 countries industry, academia, three space agencies 302 00:18:57,269 --> 00:19:00,272 all coming together to do something audacious. 303 00:19:00,939 --> 00:19:04,109 Some of those 20,000 are probably in this room, so you know who you are. 304 00:19:04,143 --> 00:19:05,377 Thank you. 305 00:19:05,377 --> 00:19:08,180 Scientists from about 57 countries 306 00:19:08,180 --> 00:19:11,216 and counting have proposed observations on the Webb telescope, 307 00:19:11,717 --> 00:19:15,587 and scientists in almost every state are analyzing Webb data. 308 00:19:15,854 --> 00:19:17,723 And Nebraska, I'm looking at you. 309 00:19:17,723 --> 00:19:20,726 Well, we'll get to all 50. 310 00:19:21,793 --> 00:19:23,929 Webb was an audacious thing to build, 311 00:19:23,929 --> 00:19:26,932 and it works exactly as it was designed to do. 312 00:19:27,332 --> 00:19:31,770 Its task was to unfold a telescope much bigger than its rocket 313 00:19:32,304 --> 00:19:36,475 to unfold and tension a sunshield that's the size of a tennis court. 314 00:19:37,075 --> 00:19:41,113 And then make all 18 primary mirror segments work together 315 00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:44,316 as perfectly as physics allows. 316 00:19:44,316 --> 00:19:46,919 All done in the dark, alone, 317 00:19:46,919 --> 00:19:49,688 headed out a million miles away from the earth. 318 00:19:49,688 --> 00:19:51,323 And it all worked. 319 00:19:51,323 --> 00:19:53,158 That success is no accident. 320 00:19:53,158 --> 00:19:57,129 It required exceptional engineering at every step, 321 00:19:57,129 --> 00:20:01,600 from the early concept to a methodically thought out design. 322 00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:04,603 And now a highly productive observatory. 323 00:20:04,803 --> 00:20:08,941 And now that Webb works, it lays the technical path for what comes next. 324 00:20:09,541 --> 00:20:12,511 Webb demonstrated that we can build and deploy telescopes 325 00:20:12,511 --> 00:20:15,514 that are bigger than the rockets that carry them to space. 326 00:20:15,981 --> 00:20:17,783 Webb demonstrates U.S. 327 00:20:17,783 --> 00:20:20,652 leadership in large space optics. 328 00:20:20,652 --> 00:20:23,555 Every few days, Webb senses the position 329 00:20:23,555 --> 00:20:26,792 of each mirror to a few billionths of a meter 330 00:20:27,192 --> 00:20:30,195 so that we can move the mirrors into perfect alignment. 331 00:20:30,596 --> 00:20:34,066 This exacting technology, called wavefront sensing of deployed 332 00:20:34,366 --> 00:20:39,538 segmented space optics was developed for Webb is key to our technical success 333 00:20:39,538 --> 00:20:42,874 and is absolutely pathfinding for the Habitable Worlds Observatory. 334 00:20:43,675 --> 00:20:46,245 Webb also couldn't be fully tested on the ground. 335 00:20:46,245 --> 00:20:49,448 Computer models anchored to real world tests 336 00:20:49,781 --> 00:20:52,951 perfectly predicted how the telescope behaves in space. 337 00:20:53,585 --> 00:20:57,823 So this engineering experience from Webb means that the Habitable Worlds 338 00:20:57,823 --> 00:21:01,860 Observatory out of the gate is much further along than was Webb. 339 00:21:01,860 --> 00:21:02,961 At a similar stage. 340 00:21:05,297 --> 00:21:06,865 So Webb is a revolutionary 341 00:21:06,865 --> 00:21:10,102 scientific instrument, and it's a triumph of engineering. 342 00:21:11,103 --> 00:21:14,973 But as I give talks to the public and I give media interviews, 343 00:21:14,973 --> 00:21:17,209 I've come to realize that it's something else. 344 00:21:17,209 --> 00:21:19,011 It's become a symbol. 345 00:21:19,011 --> 00:21:20,445 Webb demonstrates U.S. 346 00:21:20,445 --> 00:21:22,481 leadership in Stem. 347 00:21:22,481 --> 00:21:25,484 It demonstrates the power of international cooperation. 348 00:21:25,651 --> 00:21:30,122 It's a kind of soft power ambassador, a reason that the United States 349 00:21:30,122 --> 00:21:33,125 and its partner countries are admired around the world. 350 00:21:33,292 --> 00:21:36,628 When we launched Webb, everyone was rooting for it. 351 00:21:37,396 --> 00:21:40,866 So Webb became a symbol of what we can accomplish when we work together, 352 00:21:40,899 --> 00:21:44,603 a symbol of striving collectively for a greater purpose. 353 00:21:45,771 --> 00:21:47,639 And also, Webb images speak to people. 354 00:21:47,639 --> 00:21:51,143 They remind us that we're connected to the universe. 355 00:21:51,610 --> 00:21:55,314 There were part of a bigger, transcendent story 356 00:21:55,614 --> 00:21:56,481 that we really are 357 00:21:56,481 --> 00:22:00,319 literally made of stardust, and that each of us belongs to the universe. 358 00:22:01,053 --> 00:22:03,155 So I've come to realize this. 359 00:22:03,155 --> 00:22:05,657 Maybe it's cheesy, but I think it's true that Webb's 360 00:22:05,657 --> 00:22:08,760 exploration of the universe is good for the soul of our country. 361 00:22:09,494 --> 00:22:12,631 History will remember these telescopes and what they've learned long 362 00:22:12,631 --> 00:22:13,532 after we're gone. 363 00:22:14,733 --> 00:22:17,703 So looking ahead, the best science with Webb is still ahead of us. 364 00:22:17,703 --> 00:22:20,672 We are just now getting to the good stuff. 365 00:22:20,672 --> 00:22:23,342 And also, I can't wait for when Webb will be working 366 00:22:23,342 --> 00:22:26,311 in tandem with the Roman Space Telescope. 367 00:22:26,545 --> 00:22:29,981 Webb's technologies of deployable space optics and wavefront 368 00:22:29,981 --> 00:22:33,585 sensing are the building blocks needed for the Habitable worlds. 369 00:22:33,585 --> 00:22:35,554 Observatory. 370 00:22:35,554 --> 00:22:39,958 So in closing, working together, we build something incredibly hard to build. 371 00:22:40,158 --> 00:22:42,394 And so powerful. 372 00:22:42,394 --> 00:22:44,529 Webb works beautifully. 373 00:22:44,529 --> 00:22:48,166 The science is pouring down like a waterfall. 374 00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:52,871 Webb shows us the universe that's been out there all along, 375 00:22:53,438 --> 00:22:57,642 waiting for us to open our eyes and see 376 00:22:59,311 --> 00:22:59,978 next. 377 00:22:59,978 --> 00:23:03,648 Doctor Julie McHenry will describe the the next NASA astrophysics 378 00:23:03,648 --> 00:23:06,651 flagship, Roman. 379 00:23:17,329 --> 00:23:20,332 After more than 30 years of observations, 380 00:23:20,599 --> 00:23:24,035 Hubble continues to revolutionize our understanding of the universe. 381 00:23:25,370 --> 00:23:27,339 But what about what it hasn't yet seen? 382 00:23:27,339 --> 00:23:30,342 Most of the sky remains to be explored. 383 00:23:30,876 --> 00:23:33,879 And this is where the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope comes in. 384 00:23:34,246 --> 00:23:37,816 Using the same sensitivity and performance we've come to expect from Hubble, 385 00:23:38,283 --> 00:23:40,852 Roman will have a much larger field of view, 386 00:23:40,852 --> 00:23:43,855 allowing us to see more of the sky at once. 387 00:23:45,090 --> 00:23:48,093 Where Webb goes deep, Roman goes big. 388 00:23:48,493 --> 00:23:49,861 It starts at our field of view. 389 00:23:49,861 --> 00:23:54,699 At any instant, Roman will see 200 times the amount of sky that Hubble can see. 390 00:23:55,734 --> 00:23:57,202 But it's more than that. 391 00:23:57,202 --> 00:24:01,039 Roman will move and stop and be ready to take the next image very quickly, 392 00:24:01,473 --> 00:24:05,177 so we can survey the sky more than a thousand times faster than Hubble. 393 00:24:05,911 --> 00:24:07,779 To put this into context. 394 00:24:07,779 --> 00:24:12,250 A survey that would take Roman one month would take a century with Hubble. 395 00:24:13,051 --> 00:24:16,054 So Roman doesn't do Hubble science faster. 396 00:24:16,121 --> 00:24:19,591 It can address entirely new, ambitious science questions. 397 00:24:20,826 --> 00:24:23,829 This leads to extraordinary capabilities 398 00:24:24,062 --> 00:24:27,432 that one month of Roman observations could survey the Milky Way, 399 00:24:27,599 --> 00:24:30,669 resulting in the detection of over half the stars in our galaxy. 400 00:24:31,503 --> 00:24:34,339 Those over 50 billion stars would represent a catalog 401 00:24:34,339 --> 00:24:37,742 of astronomical objects much larger than any in existence today. 402 00:24:38,543 --> 00:24:41,546 With just one month of Roman observations. 403 00:24:43,215 --> 00:24:44,216 Periodically, Roman 404 00:24:44,216 --> 00:24:47,219 will turn its sights towards the center of our galaxy 405 00:24:47,385 --> 00:24:50,722 and monitor 200 million stars in a small patch of sky. 406 00:24:50,722 --> 00:24:52,791 Every 15 minutes. 407 00:24:52,791 --> 00:24:54,860 But it won't only image millions of stars, 408 00:24:54,860 --> 00:24:57,863 it will discover tens of thousands of new exoplanets. 409 00:24:58,363 --> 00:25:02,834 To date, we found around 5000 planets beyond our solar system. 410 00:25:03,335 --> 00:25:06,538 With Roman, we'll find up to 40 times more. 411 00:25:07,305 --> 00:25:11,810 Think of this as the largest census we've ever done of other planets in our galaxy. 412 00:25:13,144 --> 00:25:15,180 This will not only provide critical information 413 00:25:15,180 --> 00:25:18,350 into how planets form, but will also reveal more about 414 00:25:18,350 --> 00:25:21,353 the different types of planets that exist around different stars. 415 00:25:21,753 --> 00:25:25,590 Such information will not only help us understand the nature of other planets, 416 00:25:25,757 --> 00:25:28,760 but also of our own solar system. 417 00:25:30,362 --> 00:25:33,331 We'll be able to delve deeper into the unknown, 418 00:25:33,398 --> 00:25:36,334 the physical nature of dark matter and dark energy, 419 00:25:36,334 --> 00:25:39,604 which drive the evolution and future of our own universe, remain 420 00:25:39,804 --> 00:25:42,807 outstanding grand challenges in both physics and astronomy. 421 00:25:43,508 --> 00:25:46,511 Addressing these was a prime motivation for Roman. 422 00:25:47,312 --> 00:25:50,282 We'll address this in three different ways. 423 00:25:50,682 --> 00:25:53,218 Our universe is a very dynamic place that puts 424 00:25:53,218 --> 00:25:56,221 on spectacular cosmic displays every second. 425 00:25:56,421 --> 00:25:59,424 The problem is that these events happen 426 00:25:59,558 --> 00:26:02,160 very quickly and often elude our telescopes. 427 00:26:03,094 --> 00:26:04,629 With Roman's panoramic vision 428 00:26:04,629 --> 00:26:07,632 will not only catch these events, but see many at once. 429 00:26:08,533 --> 00:26:11,002 We'll see tens of thousands of supernovae 430 00:26:11,002 --> 00:26:14,072 and use these as markers to track the expansion of our universe. 431 00:26:15,006 --> 00:26:18,643 We'll map huge swaths of the sky and find billions of galaxies. 432 00:26:18,810 --> 00:26:22,113 We'll measure the shapes of these galaxies and use this to uncover 433 00:26:22,113 --> 00:26:25,116 the distribution of dark matter in our universe. 434 00:26:25,350 --> 00:26:26,685 And third, 435 00:26:26,685 --> 00:26:30,055 by precisely measuring the position and distance of galaxies, 436 00:26:30,055 --> 00:26:33,258 we'll be able to create a 3D map of the universe and watch 437 00:26:33,258 --> 00:26:36,261 how it changes on large scales over time. 438 00:26:37,262 --> 00:26:41,566 These three investigations combined will enable us to study how the structures 439 00:26:41,566 --> 00:26:46,805 in our universe the stars, the galaxies and clusters of galaxies grew and evolved. 440 00:26:47,706 --> 00:26:52,043 They'll also allow us to measure how our universe has expanded over time. 441 00:26:52,877 --> 00:26:56,715 These are the keys that will allow us to unlock the fundamental nature 442 00:26:56,848 --> 00:27:00,852 of dark energy and dark matter, and the fabric of the universe itself. 443 00:27:02,420 --> 00:27:04,789 These studies are even more exciting now. 444 00:27:04,789 --> 00:27:07,492 As Doctor Wiseman mentioned, we are seeing hints 445 00:27:07,492 --> 00:27:10,495 that our standard model of the universe is incorrect. 446 00:27:10,929 --> 00:27:13,098 Roman will be able to confirm this 447 00:27:13,098 --> 00:27:16,101 and provide the data needed to explore the new phenomenon. 448 00:27:17,035 --> 00:27:21,272 So it's really tremendously exciting where we're likely to go beyond current models 449 00:27:21,406 --> 00:27:24,643 and get to explore entirely new phenomenon for the first time. 450 00:27:25,110 --> 00:27:29,047 We happen to be the right mission, with the right capabilities at the right time. 451 00:27:30,749 --> 00:27:33,752 What makes me most excited about Roman is the discovery potential. 452 00:27:34,519 --> 00:27:37,989 Which 2 billion galaxies will have 2000 objects that are 1 in 1,000,000? 453 00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:41,893 We'll be exploring patches of sky over a function of time 454 00:27:41,893 --> 00:27:43,495 with exquisite sensitivity. 455 00:27:43,495 --> 00:27:46,498 We'll find new things that go bump in the night. 456 00:27:46,598 --> 00:27:49,067 I very much hope and in fact, expect, 457 00:27:49,067 --> 00:27:52,003 that the most exciting science from Roman will be a surprise, 458 00:27:52,971 --> 00:27:54,606 something we couldn't predict. 459 00:27:54,606 --> 00:27:57,342 That will set the stage for the next deeper set of questions 460 00:27:57,342 --> 00:28:00,345 about our universe, for future missions to address. 461 00:28:02,781 --> 00:28:05,784 Roman is being built right now. 462 00:28:05,850 --> 00:28:09,387 Over the past few years, we've been busy building and testing Roman hardware. 463 00:28:09,888 --> 00:28:13,591 We've installed an astonishing 45 miles of cables, the observatory 464 00:28:13,625 --> 00:28:16,628 nervous system, into the spacecraft structure. 465 00:28:16,961 --> 00:28:20,265 We've integrated other critical elements, including the propulsion tanks. 466 00:28:20,532 --> 00:28:23,301 We've also installed a deployable high gain antenna, 467 00:28:23,301 --> 00:28:26,971 which will support data transmission rates up to 500mbps. 468 00:28:27,539 --> 00:28:30,875 This is much faster than my home internet, and Roman needs to do 469 00:28:30,875 --> 00:28:33,878 this wirelessly from 1 million miles away. 470 00:28:34,813 --> 00:28:37,082 We've completed the outer parts of the observatory, 471 00:28:37,082 --> 00:28:39,050 including the solar panels and sunshield. 472 00:28:39,050 --> 00:28:41,653 We've finished and tested the outer viral assembly 473 00:28:41,653 --> 00:28:43,354 that will ultimately surround the telescope. 474 00:28:44,456 --> 00:28:46,658 The Widefield Instrument, our primary instrument, 475 00:28:46,658 --> 00:28:50,628 has now concluded testing and is awaiting further integration at Goddard. 476 00:28:51,329 --> 00:28:54,466 This is the part of the observatory that provides the huge field of view 477 00:28:54,466 --> 00:28:57,469 that drives Roman's revolutionary science research. 478 00:28:58,169 --> 00:29:01,239 This instrument is a symbol of our critical partnerships. 479 00:29:01,606 --> 00:29:06,211 Engineers from Goddard and Bar Systems have been working side by side 480 00:29:06,211 --> 00:29:09,180 to make Roman's wide field of view the best that it can be. 481 00:29:10,281 --> 00:29:12,984 By enhance the Goddard design for the instrument, 482 00:29:12,984 --> 00:29:16,488 resulting in better sensitivity and more flexible observing options, 483 00:29:17,255 --> 00:29:20,258 we'll have a better observatory as a result. 484 00:29:20,458 --> 00:29:24,362 Our telescope, built by L3 Harris, has arrived at Goddard 485 00:29:24,362 --> 00:29:27,365 and has been integrated into the instrument carrier last month. 486 00:29:27,766 --> 00:29:29,968 You should come to the clean room and have a look. 487 00:29:29,968 --> 00:29:30,769 It's all there. 488 00:29:33,238 --> 00:29:33,738 This coming 489 00:29:33,738 --> 00:29:36,741 year will be very exciting as we watch the observatory take shape. 490 00:29:36,841 --> 00:29:38,843 We will assemble the components into the complete 491 00:29:38,843 --> 00:29:41,613 Roman observatory and carefully test everything. 492 00:29:41,613 --> 00:29:44,616 All the remaining assembly and test will be happening at Goddard, 493 00:29:44,816 --> 00:29:45,917 and we'll be taking advantage 494 00:29:45,917 --> 00:29:48,920 of all the large integration and test facilities here. 495 00:29:49,687 --> 00:29:51,823 Roman development is proceeding on budget 496 00:29:51,823 --> 00:29:54,859 and on schedule, and we're looking forward to getting it to the finish line. 497 00:29:55,426 --> 00:29:57,962 I really can't start to express how exciting it is 498 00:29:57,962 --> 00:30:00,532 to see everything coming together every day. 499 00:30:00,532 --> 00:30:03,434 We're learning more about just how great this observatory 500 00:30:03,434 --> 00:30:06,437 is going to perform. 501 00:30:08,072 --> 00:30:09,374 Each NASA astrophysics 502 00:30:09,374 --> 00:30:12,377 mission bills and the technology successes of the past. 503 00:30:13,178 --> 00:30:16,514 A great example of this is the sensors at the heart of Hubble, 504 00:30:16,681 --> 00:30:20,351 Webb and Roman that produce the great images of the universe we've all 505 00:30:20,351 --> 00:30:20,985 come to love. 506 00:30:22,187 --> 00:30:25,123 They represent a continuous line of development and innovation, 507 00:30:25,123 --> 00:30:29,127 starting in the 90s with the development of the one K detector and Hubble's with C 508 00:30:29,127 --> 00:30:33,131 three further developed and improved for the two K detectors in Webb's 509 00:30:33,131 --> 00:30:37,202 near come and finally culminating in the 4K sensors in Roman. 510 00:30:38,269 --> 00:30:40,605 Each generation of sensor represented 511 00:30:40,605 --> 00:30:43,608 a big leap in performance. 512 00:30:43,641 --> 00:30:46,411 With Roman, we start a whole new path of technology 513 00:30:46,411 --> 00:30:50,582 development with the Roman coronagraph, which was designed and built at JPL. 514 00:30:51,583 --> 00:30:54,419 A coronagraph is a type of instrument that can throw out the light 515 00:30:54,419 --> 00:30:55,186 of a bright star, 516 00:30:55,186 --> 00:30:58,489 so that we can directly image planets and other faint objects beside it. 517 00:31:00,525 --> 00:31:03,728 For the Roman coronagraph, I think of this as doing magic with physics. 518 00:31:04,095 --> 00:31:05,129 We're taking advantage 519 00:31:05,129 --> 00:31:08,600 of the wave properties of light to cancel out the light from the star. 520 00:31:09,167 --> 00:31:11,703 To do this magic, we need to have an optical system 521 00:31:11,703 --> 00:31:14,672 that can adjust itself to maintain sufficient precision. 522 00:31:15,073 --> 00:31:17,909 This will be the first time that this kind of active optics 523 00:31:17,909 --> 00:31:20,745 has been used in space, and will set us on a new path 524 00:31:20,745 --> 00:31:23,448 for future observatories to do extraordinary new things. 525 00:31:25,650 --> 00:31:27,018 Our namesake, 526 00:31:27,018 --> 00:31:31,289 Nancy Grace Roman, NASA's first chief astronomer, would be excited 527 00:31:31,890 --> 00:31:34,993 not just by how far we have come, but by where we are going. 528 00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:38,763 She is widely known as the mother of Hubble. 529 00:31:38,763 --> 00:31:43,401 Less well known is that in 1959, she was one of the first people to suggest 530 00:31:43,534 --> 00:31:47,038 using a space based observatory to look at planets around other stars. 531 00:31:48,406 --> 00:31:51,409 Doctor Roman felt that such an observatory would be too big 532 00:31:51,609 --> 00:31:54,579 and too difficult to be feasible in orbit. 533 00:31:54,579 --> 00:31:58,082 But which developments from Hubble, Webb and soon Roman? 534 00:31:58,383 --> 00:32:02,453 This is now within reach, and the next speaker, Doctor Giada Arney, 535 00:32:02,453 --> 00:32:05,657 will describe what the next leap in space based astrophysics will bring. 536 00:32:17,835 --> 00:32:20,071 Good afternoon everyone. 537 00:32:20,071 --> 00:32:21,606 Take a breath with me. 538 00:32:21,606 --> 00:32:24,075 Breathe in. 539 00:32:24,075 --> 00:32:26,678 Breathe out. 540 00:32:26,678 --> 00:32:29,681 All of us in this room are breathing oxygen. 541 00:32:29,847 --> 00:32:34,052 And that oxygen is a way that our planet's biosphere has been saying 542 00:32:34,519 --> 00:32:39,123 hello to the rest of our universe for billions of years. 543 00:32:40,191 --> 00:32:43,061 Virtually all of the oxygen that we're breathing right now 544 00:32:43,061 --> 00:32:46,197 is a byproduct of oxygenic photosynthesis, 545 00:32:46,531 --> 00:32:49,500 our biospheres dominant metabolism. 546 00:32:49,701 --> 00:32:53,371 When photosynthetic microbes evolved billions of years ago, 547 00:32:53,738 --> 00:32:59,344 the oxygen that accumulated over time could be detected across the light years. 548 00:32:59,811 --> 00:33:03,214 And all you'd need is a powerful telescope 549 00:33:03,748 --> 00:33:07,352 and a little knowledge about photochemistry to realize 550 00:33:07,352 --> 00:33:10,788 that Earth's atmosphere is too weird 551 00:33:10,955 --> 00:33:13,958 to explain without life. 552 00:33:14,158 --> 00:33:18,196 We call remotely observable signs of life biosignatures. 553 00:33:18,730 --> 00:33:20,531 Oxygen is not the only one. 554 00:33:20,531 --> 00:33:24,168 Others include ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and more. 555 00:33:25,303 --> 00:33:28,973 The Habitable Worlds Observatory, or HWO, 556 00:33:29,340 --> 00:33:33,544 will be the first observatory designed specifically to address 557 00:33:33,544 --> 00:33:37,749 one of the most important questions in the history of humanity. 558 00:33:38,583 --> 00:33:41,552 Are we alone? 559 00:33:41,886 --> 00:33:43,688 Achieving this will require 560 00:33:43,688 --> 00:33:46,691 some breathtaking technological advancements. 561 00:33:47,058 --> 00:33:48,593 Each day, we all will. 562 00:33:48,593 --> 00:33:51,796 For the first time, study the atmospheres of Earth 563 00:33:51,796 --> 00:33:54,799 like planets around stars like our sun. 564 00:33:54,999 --> 00:33:57,468 Think of them as our cosmic cousins. 565 00:33:57,468 --> 00:34:02,573 To do this, we want to observe the planets directly in reflected light. 566 00:34:03,641 --> 00:34:05,376 This will be challenging. 567 00:34:05,376 --> 00:34:08,479 An Earth like planet is 10 billion 568 00:34:08,479 --> 00:34:11,482 times dimmer than a star like our sun. 569 00:34:11,482 --> 00:34:14,552 It's hard to visualize what this means. 570 00:34:14,952 --> 00:34:18,423 People will often use the analogy of seeing a firefly next 571 00:34:18,423 --> 00:34:21,793 to a lighthouse, but that's not a perfect analogy. 572 00:34:22,260 --> 00:34:25,029 The firefly is too bright 573 00:34:25,029 --> 00:34:27,899 and the lighthouse is too dim. 574 00:34:27,899 --> 00:34:29,300 But you get the idea. 575 00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:33,571 This is going to be very challenging to see the planet. 576 00:34:33,671 --> 00:34:37,608 We need to block out the starlight with powerful new technologies. 577 00:34:38,643 --> 00:34:42,580 Each of you will build on technological advancements already underway. 578 00:34:43,081 --> 00:34:47,218 As you heard from doctor McHenry, the Roman Space Telescope will include 579 00:34:47,218 --> 00:34:52,223 a complex coronagraph to block out the starlight and study exoplanets. 580 00:34:52,790 --> 00:34:56,094 Each swell will include an even more powerful 581 00:34:56,094 --> 00:35:00,031 coronagraph able to see planets the size of Earth. 582 00:35:01,332 --> 00:35:04,435 That complex instrument must be paired 583 00:35:04,435 --> 00:35:08,573 with the most ambitious telescope that NASA has ever built. 584 00:35:09,240 --> 00:35:11,909 We will draw from the lessons and technologies 585 00:35:11,909 --> 00:35:15,813 of previous observatories, including Webb's amazing 586 00:35:15,813 --> 00:35:19,750 segmented telescope, which is performing beyond expectations. 587 00:35:19,750 --> 00:35:23,654 As you heard from Doctor Rigby, Goddard's ultra stable 588 00:35:23,654 --> 00:35:27,024 technology development will take us beyond Webb 589 00:35:27,158 --> 00:35:30,228 to the image quality that we need in the search for life. 590 00:35:31,662 --> 00:35:35,299 We'll start by looking for planets in their star's habitable zones. 591 00:35:35,766 --> 00:35:38,436 The habitable zone is the region around a star 592 00:35:38,436 --> 00:35:41,539 where you can have liquid water on a planet's surface. 593 00:35:42,406 --> 00:35:47,278 But not all planets in the habitable zone will actually be habitable. 594 00:35:47,945 --> 00:35:51,048 For example, if you are looking for a chocolate 595 00:35:51,048 --> 00:35:54,085 chip cookie, a bakery is a good place to start. 596 00:35:54,552 --> 00:35:58,156 But not every cookie in the bakery will be the type you're searching 597 00:35:58,156 --> 00:36:02,026 for. You'd need to examine each one to determine which ones are 598 00:36:02,026 --> 00:36:03,494 actually chocolate chip. 599 00:36:04,495 --> 00:36:07,832 Likewise, we will need to carefully measure the light 600 00:36:07,832 --> 00:36:11,802 from each planet in the habitable zone to search for the spectral 601 00:36:11,802 --> 00:36:15,072 fingerprints of water and determine which planets 602 00:36:15,072 --> 00:36:18,075 might actually be habitable. 603 00:36:18,476 --> 00:36:21,479 But telling whether a planet is habitable 604 00:36:21,512 --> 00:36:25,316 is different from determining whether a planet is inhabited. 605 00:36:25,716 --> 00:36:28,619 And that's where the search for biosignatures comes in. 606 00:36:28,619 --> 00:36:31,822 We'll look for those important gases like oxygen, 607 00:36:31,822 --> 00:36:34,825 methane and ozone. 608 00:36:35,059 --> 00:36:36,661 Of course, we also want 609 00:36:36,661 --> 00:36:39,630 to be avoid being fooled by false positives. 610 00:36:39,897 --> 00:36:43,634 Those are non-living planets that look alive. 611 00:36:44,101 --> 00:36:46,737 That's like thinking something is a chocolate chip cookie, 612 00:36:46,737 --> 00:36:50,575 but then biting into it and discovering that it's an oatmeal raisin cookie. 613 00:36:51,509 --> 00:36:55,880 So to rule out false positives, we will need to carefully study 614 00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:59,850 all biosignatures in the context of their environments. 615 00:37:00,151 --> 00:37:04,956 And each swallow will be designed to do this with a telescope like H. 616 00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:08,659 We may know the answer to the question 617 00:37:08,659 --> 00:37:11,862 are we alone within our lifetimes? 618 00:37:12,797 --> 00:37:15,433 This would be one of the most important discoveries, 619 00:37:15,433 --> 00:37:19,737 not just in the history of science, but in human history. 620 00:37:21,839 --> 00:37:25,643 But it's important to emphasize that, like NASA's other Great Observatories, 621 00:37:25,876 --> 00:37:27,979 H1 will be capable of game 622 00:37:27,979 --> 00:37:31,415 changing discoveries across a broad range of science areas. 623 00:37:31,949 --> 00:37:34,552 It will be a full astrophysical observatory 624 00:37:34,552 --> 00:37:37,555 studying the entire universe 625 00:37:38,422 --> 00:37:41,192 for every possible Earth like planet discovered. 626 00:37:41,192 --> 00:37:45,663 It will discover ten times as many other kinds of planets. 627 00:37:46,097 --> 00:37:49,033 Those hundreds of other worlds will help us to understand 628 00:37:49,033 --> 00:37:52,536 our own solar system in a broader cosmic context. 629 00:37:53,471 --> 00:37:57,441 Speaking of our solar system, I like to call these nearby worlds 630 00:37:57,441 --> 00:38:01,479 the exoplanets in our backyard, and we will be able to see them 631 00:38:01,479 --> 00:38:05,816 in incredible detail and high definition with well. 632 00:38:06,717 --> 00:38:08,986 For example, this beautiful 633 00:38:08,986 --> 00:38:12,023 image of Jupiter was taken by the Juno spacecraft. 634 00:38:12,223 --> 00:38:16,661 And incredibly, when Jupiter is at its closest approach to Earth. 635 00:38:17,061 --> 00:38:19,997 We will be able to see almost this level 636 00:38:19,997 --> 00:38:23,034 of detail on Jupiter with a low 637 00:38:24,468 --> 00:38:25,503 Hubble web. 638 00:38:25,503 --> 00:38:29,006 And soon Roman have been and will be providing literally 639 00:38:29,006 --> 00:38:32,009 astronomical leaps across astrophysics. 640 00:38:32,410 --> 00:38:36,614 H a will to reaching unpressed admittedly faint objects 641 00:38:36,781 --> 00:38:39,784 with unmatched clarity. 642 00:38:39,850 --> 00:38:43,888 Galaxies are among the most beautiful objects in our universe. 643 00:38:44,221 --> 00:38:49,060 They are complex arrangements of stars, gas, dust, dark matter, and more. 644 00:38:49,894 --> 00:38:54,165 We know that galaxies grow through the mergers of smaller galaxies, 645 00:38:54,565 --> 00:38:58,636 but we still have questions about the details that drive them 646 00:38:58,636 --> 00:39:02,373 to have different morphologies and star formation histories. 647 00:39:03,341 --> 00:39:06,010 With each high resolution imager. 648 00:39:06,010 --> 00:39:10,514 We will be able to further our studies of galaxy formation by resolving 649 00:39:10,514 --> 00:39:14,518 small, faint galaxies in the very distant universe, 650 00:39:14,852 --> 00:39:18,689 including galaxies smaller and fainter 651 00:39:18,956 --> 00:39:21,959 than the ones we have been able to study before. 652 00:39:22,426 --> 00:39:27,398 These galaxies, which are the building blocks of galaxies like our own, are about 653 00:39:27,398 --> 00:39:31,469 as faint as the Earth like planets we're searching for around nearby stars. 654 00:39:31,969 --> 00:39:35,439 Studying them will help us to help better understand how our own 655 00:39:35,439 --> 00:39:37,041 Milky Way came to be. 656 00:39:38,342 --> 00:39:41,345 And as we think about searching for signs of life beyond Earth. 657 00:39:41,612 --> 00:39:45,683 We should remember that the tree of life is rooted in the stars. 658 00:39:46,350 --> 00:39:51,422 The elements that make up our bodies were forged in stars billions of years ago. 659 00:39:52,022 --> 00:39:54,725 Each swallow will help us to trace these cycles 660 00:39:54,725 --> 00:39:57,728 of matter across the universe. 661 00:39:57,762 --> 00:40:02,700 If galaxies are the factories of stars and planets, this hot gas flowing 662 00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:07,671 between galaxies is their fuel tank, waste dump and recycling center. 663 00:40:08,439 --> 00:40:11,375 Most of this cycling of hot, tenuous 664 00:40:11,375 --> 00:40:16,947 matter is currently unobserved, but aid swell will map these streams 665 00:40:16,947 --> 00:40:20,551 with unprecedented sensitivity in the ultraviolet. 666 00:40:21,585 --> 00:40:23,721 As you heard from Doctor Wiseman, 667 00:40:23,721 --> 00:40:26,590 a major part of Hubble's unique legacy 668 00:40:26,590 --> 00:40:30,428 comes from access to observations in the ultraviolet. 669 00:40:30,728 --> 00:40:35,366 And this will be a significant part of science story as well. 670 00:40:36,066 --> 00:40:39,937 We will also echo Hubble's legacy as a multi-generation 671 00:40:39,970 --> 00:40:43,941 observatory lasting for decades thanks to in-space servicing. 672 00:40:45,543 --> 00:40:49,213 H-2b will will continue and expand the great legacy 673 00:40:49,213 --> 00:40:54,285 of light of NASA's flagship observatories such as Hubble, Webb, and Roman. 674 00:40:55,019 --> 00:40:59,190 We don't yet know exactly what it will look like, 675 00:40:59,657 --> 00:41:04,562 but we can safely say that this project will be a momentous undertaking. 676 00:41:04,995 --> 00:41:08,399 It's going to take a village including Goddard, other NASA 677 00:41:08,399 --> 00:41:12,303 centers, industry partners, academia, international partners, 678 00:41:12,636 --> 00:41:15,639 and the broader community. 679 00:41:16,674 --> 00:41:17,842 This pale 680 00:41:17,842 --> 00:41:22,112 blue dot image of Earth was taken by NASA's Voyager one spacecraft 681 00:41:22,379 --> 00:41:26,183 when it was almost 4 billion miles away from the sun. 682 00:41:28,185 --> 00:41:32,022 What might it mean to see another Earth, 683 00:41:33,324 --> 00:41:36,327 another pale, point like vision, 684 00:41:36,427 --> 00:41:39,430 calling to us with its light from deep space? 685 00:41:41,065 --> 00:41:44,068 Is Earth alone in the universe? 686 00:41:45,302 --> 00:41:49,173 The Habitable Worlds Observatory will be capable of addressing 687 00:41:49,173 --> 00:41:52,142 some of the biggest questions we have today, 688 00:41:52,142 --> 00:41:55,579 and questions that we can't yet think to ask. 689 00:41:56,847 --> 00:41:57,681 Now, let's close the 690 00:41:57,681 --> 00:42:00,684 show with a final glimpse of what's on the horizon. 691 00:42:00,751 --> 00:42:04,121 The legacy of what we're building, what we're discovering, 692 00:42:04,355 --> 00:42:06,891 and the incredible journey ahead. 693 00:42:06,891 --> 00:42:09,894 Let's roll the video. 694 00:42:14,498 --> 00:42:16,967 We have always looked to the sky 695 00:42:16,967 --> 00:42:19,970 in wonder. 696 00:42:23,407 --> 00:42:25,843 Questioning the universe's story 697 00:42:25,843 --> 00:42:28,846 and our place in it. 698 00:42:30,714 --> 00:42:33,083 In the vastness of space. 699 00:42:33,083 --> 00:42:36,086 Are we alone? 700 00:42:39,890 --> 00:42:42,893 Each generation of telescope and technology 701 00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:45,963 has brought us closer to the answer. 702 00:43:30,975 --> 00:43:33,310 Human determination has taken us 703 00:43:33,310 --> 00:43:36,313 farther than we could have imagined. 704 00:44:07,177 --> 00:44:10,180 This legacy leads to our next chapter. 705 00:44:19,023 --> 00:44:22,126 And the answers that lie in the stars. 706 00:44:31,201 --> 00:44:34,772 Are waiting for us to find them.