NASA’s Fermi Confirms 'PeVatron' Supernova Remnant

Observations from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (magenta and pink) confirm that a supernova remnant called G106.3+2.7 is responsible for accelerating some of the highest-energy protons in our galaxy. In this multiwavelength view, radio emission from the remnant is blue and green, while yellow, orange, and red reveal radio waves from a vast cloud of interstellar gas. At center, the pink region shows where protons boosted by the supernova's shock wave strike the gas, emitting a tell-tale glow of gamma rays. Twelve years of Fermi data were crucial in identifying the particles as protons.

Credit: Jayanne English (University of Manitoba), NASA/Fermi/Fang et al. 2022, and Canadian Galactic Plane Survey/DRAO/FCRAO

Radio observations at 408 and 1,420 megahertz, shown in blue and green, reveal the diffuse glow of supernova remnant G106.3+2.7. Pulsar J2229+6114 is located below the bluish semicircle at the top left of the remnant. This structure, called the Boomerang pulsar wind nebula, is formed by energetic particles and their associated magnetic fields flowing away from the pulsar.

Credit: Jayanne English (University of Manitoba) and Canadian Galactic Plane Survey/DRAO

Astronomers can tease out new sources by comparing their observations with what would be expected based on a model of the region's gamma-ray background that accounts for all known emission. Above 10 billion electron volts, where the pulsar's signal produces much less interference, a patch of excess gamma-ray emission, here shown in pink, appears in the tail of the supernova remnant. This emission is created when protons accelerated in the supernova's shock wave strike a nearby gas cloud. To produce the 100 trillion-electron-volt gamma rays detected by ground-based observatories, these protons must reach energies 10 times greater, making this source a PeVatron.

Credit: Jayanne English (University of Manitoba) and NASA/Fermi/Fang et al. 2022

Radio observations at 408 and 1,420 megahertz, shown in blue and green, and excess gamma rays above 10 billion electron volts, shown in pink, are merged in this image.

Credit: Jayanne English (University of Manitoba), Canadian Galactic Plane Survey/DRAO, and NASA/Fermi/Fang et al. 2022

Radio observations show a cool, dense gas cloud located near the supernova remnant. This image shows emission from carbon monoxide — an important molecule for tracing interstellar gas — in yellow, orange, and red based on differences in its motion, better revealing the cloud's structure. The emission has a rest frequency of 115.27 gigahertz, corresponding to a wavelength of 2.6 millimeters.

Credit: Jayanne English (University of Manitoba) and Canadian Galactic Plane Survey/FCRAO

Confined by a supernova remnant's chaotic magnetic field, high-energy particles move around randomly. Sometimes they cross the shock wave, and with each round trip, they gain a fraction of their original energy. After dozens to hundreds of crossings, the particles are moving near the speed of light and are finally able to escape.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Because cosmic ray protons, nuclei, and electrons carry electric charge, their direction changes as they wend their way through the galaxy's magnetic field. By the time the particles reach us, their paths can be completely scrambled, and astronomers cannot trace them back to their sources. Gamma rays — including those produced by cosmic rays interacting with interstellar matter — instead travel straight to us from their sources.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center