XRISM Resolve Animation

Through high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy, the X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM, pronounced "crism") will transform our understanding of the hot and energetic universe, allowing ground-breaking new research into black holes, clusters of galaxies, compact objects, and the aftermath of stellar explosions.

XRISM's Resolve detector is a 6-by-6-pixel microcalorimeter array. Each pixel is 30 arcseconds in size, and the entire detector must be cooled to 50 millikelvins (-273.1 degrees Celsius or -459.6 degrees Fahrenheit), a fraction of a degree above absolute zero. At such cold temperatures, the array can measure the slight amount of heat generated when each pixel absorbs a single X-ray photon. The miniscule temperature increase is measured by sensitive electronics, and onboard software infers the precise energy of the incoming photon.

By accumulating thousands or even millions of photons from a celestial source, XRISM can generate a high-resolution spectrum in the soft X-ray band (0.4 to 12 keV) band over the detector's 3-by-3 arcminute field of view. The resulting spectra will be the most detailed ever acquired for a variety of sources in the X-ray sky.

The Resolve detector is housed in the Calorimeter Spectrometer Insert (CSI), which itself is contained within a dewar of liquid helium about the size of a refrigerator. The liquid helium cools the detector down to about 4 K, after which a complex multistage mechanical cryogenic system cools the detector down to the required 50 millikelvin operating temperature.