Solar Eclipse Animation Elements

The Moon travels in a not-quite-circular orbit around Earth, meaning that it is at times closer to us than others. We call the Moon's closest point to Earth "perigee," and its farthest point from Earth is "apogee."When the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth while near perigee, it completely blocks out the Sun causing a total eclipse. When the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and it is near apogee, it creates an annular eclipse that covers most of the Sun; the edges of the Sun remain visible and create a "ring of fire."

This diagram illustrates how an annular eclipse shadow can have many different characteristics for observers on Earth. Because the umbra of the shadow does not reach Earth's surface, no observers will see the Sun completely disappear. Instead, observers in the penumbra of the shadow will witness a partial eclipse, where a crescent portion of the Sun is still visible, and observers in the antumbra of the shadow will witness a "ring of fire" – a thin sliver of the Sun's light that is visible as a ringed outline around the Moon.Compare this diagram of an annular eclipse to the diagram of a total eclipse to see how they are different.Why, however, doesn't Earth experience an eclipse every month, when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun? The answer is that the Moon's orbit is slightly tilted (not visible here) and so the Moon is often slightly above or below the line between Earth and the Sun, meaning its shadow gets cast into space instead of onto Earth.

This diagram illustrates how a total eclipse shadow can have many different characteristics for observers on Earth. Observers in the umbra of the shadow will witness darkness, as if it was twilight. Observers in the penumbra of the shadow will witness a partial eclipse, where part of the Sun is still visible.Compare this diagram of a total eclipse to the diagram of an annular eclipse to see how they are different.Why, however, doesn't Earth experience an eclipse every month, when the Moon orbits Earth and passes between Earth and the Sun? The answer is that the Moon's orbit is slightly tilted (not visible here) and so the Moon is often slightly above or below the line between Earth and the Sun, meaning its shadow gets cast into empty space instead.

This conceptual animation is an example of what you might expect to see through certified eclipse glasses or a handheld solar filter during an annular solar eclipse, like the one happening over the United States on October 14, 2023. Annular eclipses are famous for the "ring of fire" effect that appears around the edge of the Moon. This happens because the Moon is slightly farther from Earth and appears too small to block out the Sun completely.

This conceptual animation is an example of what you might expect to see during a total solar eclipse, like the one happening over the United States on April 8, 2024. You should never look directly at the Sun's light without protective eyewear, but for a brief time referred to as "totality," when the Moon is completely blocking the disk of the Sun, the Sun’s tenuous atmosphere known as the corona is visible and can be viewed without protective eyewear. In this animation, we brighten the scene by a factor of about 100 thousand just before totality so you can see a feature called the "diamond ring" or "Baily's Beads". These are the last sharp points of sunlight visible, shining through the valleys on the edge of the moon, and they can be seen at the same time as the corona.Don't forget to put your protective eyewear back on before the Sun reappears from behind the Moon!